git_checkout_index can now check out other git_index's (that are not
necessarily the repository index).  This allows checkout_index to use
the repository's index for stat cache information instead of the index
data being checked out.  git_merge and friends now check out their
indexes directly instead of trying to blend it into the running index.

Round up pool alloc sizes for alignment

To make sure that items returned from pool allocations are aligned
on nice boundaries, this rounds up all pool allocation sizes to a
multiple of 8.  This adds a small amount of overhead to each item.

The rounding up could be made optional with an extra parameter to
the pool initialization that turned on rounding only for pools
where item alignment actually matters, but I think for the extra
code and complexity that would be involved, that it makes sense
just to burn a little bit of extra memory and enable this all the
time.

Improvements to git_transport extensibility

Fix assert when receiving uncommon sideband packet

git_remote_set_transport now takes a transport factory rather than a transport
git_clone_options now allows the caller to specify a remote creation callback

checkout::conflict tests: only test owner mode

The checkout::conflict type conflict tests were failing because
they were overly assertive about the resultant mode, testing
group & other bits, which failed miserably for people who had a
umask less restrictive than 022.  Only test the resultant owner bits.

Fixes #2443 Zero size arrays are an extension

Fix a couple of leaks

Set a message when we fail to lock.

Also make the put function void, since it's called from free, which
cannot report errors. The only errors we can experience here are
internal state corruption, so we assert that we are trying to put a
pack which we have previously got.

As reported by coverity, we would leak some memory in error conditions.

If we fail to insert the packfile in the map, make sure to free it.

This makes the free function only attempt to remove its mwindows from
the global list if we have opened the packfile to avoid accessing the
list unlocked.

We need to tell Travis to build the master branch or it won't build it
or the pull requests.

Update text=auto / core.autocrlf=false behavior

Export git_revert_commit

Git for Windows 1.9.4 changed the behavior when the text=auto
attribute is specified and core.autocrlf=false.  Previous observed
behavior would *not* filter files when going into the working
directory, the new behavior *does* filter.  Update our behavior to match.

Update CONTRIBUTING and PROJECTS

When checking out files, we're performing conversion into the user's
native line endings, but we only want to do it for files which have
consistent line endings. Refuse to perform the conversion for mixed-EOL
files.

The CRLF->LF filter is left as-is, as that conversion is considered to be
normalization by git and should force a conversion of the line endings.

Opening the same repository multiple times will currently open the same
file multiple times, as well as map the same region of the file multiple
times. This is not necessary, as the packfile data is immutable.

Instead of opening and closing packfiles directly, introduce an
indirection and allocate packfiles globally. This does mean locking on
each packfile open, but we already use this lock for the global mwindow
list so it doesn't introduce a new contention point.

This updates CONTRIBUTING to reflect the changes to use the
master branch and make explicit recommendations about updating
CHANGELOG.md and providing test coverage.  Also, this includes
some old updates to PROJECTS.md that I wrote to expand the list
of projects, pulling in things from old feature requests.

Don't use read-write accounts for the tests

netops: init OpenSSL once under lock

The assembla failure we were seeing referred to a private repository,
which is not what is there at the moment.

This reverts 1fd21b03

Don't write in plaintext the password of an account which has full
control over the repository. Instead use an account with read-only
access.

We want to check whether the credentials callback is NULL, not whether
the payload is.

Bring together all of the OpenSSL initialization to
git_threads_init() so it's together and doesn't need locks.

Moving it here also gives us libssh2 thread safety (when built against
openssl).