Implement a new example that resembles the git-stash(1) command.
Right now, it only provides the apply, list, save and pop
subcommands without any options.

This example is mostly used to test libgit2's stashing
performance on big repositories.

patch_parse: fix segfault due to line containing static contents

With commit dedf70ad (patch_parse: do not depend on parsed buffer's
lifetime, 2019-07-05), all lines of the patch are allocated with
`strdup` to make lifetime of the parsed patch independent of the buffer
that is currently being parsed. In patch b0893282 (patch_parse: ensure
valid patch output with EOFNL, 2019-07-11), we introduced another
code location where we add lines to the parsed patch. But as that one
was implemented via a separate pull request, it wasn't converted to use
`strdup`, as well. As a consequence, we generate a segfault when trying
to deallocate the potentially static buffer that's now in some of the
lines.

Use `git__strdup` to fix the issue.

ignore: fix determining whether a shorter pattern negates another

patch_parse: handle missing newline indicator in old file

patch_parse: do not depend on parsed buffer's lifetime

sha1: fix compilation of WinHTTP backend

repository: do not initialize HEAD if it's provided by templates

When using templates to initialize a git repository, then git-init(1)
will copy over all contents of the template directory. These will be
preferred over the default ones created by git-init(1). While we mostly
do the same, there is the exception of "HEAD". While we do copy over the
template's HEAD file, afterwards we'll immediately re-initialize its
contents with either the default "ref: refs/origin/master" or the init
option's `initial_head` field.

Let's fix the inconsistency with upstream git-init(1) by not overwriting
the template HEAD, but only if the user hasn't set `opts.initial_head`.
If the `initial_head` field has been supplied, we should use that
indifferent from whether the template contained a HEAD file or not. Add
tests to verify we correctly use the template directory's HEAD file and
that `initial_head` overrides the template.

Update `git_repository_init_ext` to use our typical style of error
handling. The function had multiple statements which didn't `goto out`
immediately but instead deferred it to later calls combined with `if`
statements.

The error handling in `git_repository_create_head` completely swallows
all error codes. While probably not too much of a problem, this also
violates our usual coding style.

Refactor the code to use a local `error` variable with the typical `goto
out` statements.

All tests in repo::template have a common pattern of first setting up
templates, then settung up the repository that makes use of those
templates via several init options. Refactor this pattern into two
functions `setup_templates` and `setup_repo` that handle most of that
logic to make it easier to spot what a test actually wants to check.

Furthermore, this also refactors how we clean up after the tests.
Previously, it was a combination of manually calling
`cl_fixture_cleanup` and `cl_set_cleanup`, which really is kind of hard
to read. This commit refactors this to instead provide the cleaning
parameters in the setup functions. All cleanups are then performed in
the suite's cleanup function.

The repo::template test suite makes use of quite a few local variables
that could be consolidated. Do so to make the code easier to read.

There's quite a lot of supporting code for our templates and they are an
obvious standalone feature. Thus, let's extract those tests into their
own suite to also make refactoring of them easier.

configuration: cvar -> configmap

Evict cache items more efficiently

clar: fix suite count

With the introduction of data variants for suites, we started
undercounting the number of suites as we didn't account for those that
were executed twice. This was then adjusted to count the number of
initializers instead, but this fails to account for suites without any
initializers at all.

Fix the suite count by counting either the number of initializers or, if
there is no initializer, count it as a single suite, only.

Ignore VS2017 specific files and folders

`cvar` is an unhelpful name.  Refactor its usage to `configmap` for more
clarity.

gitattributes: ignore macros defined in subdirectories

We currently have no job that compiles libgit2 with the WinHTTP backend
for SHA1. Due to this, a compile error has been introduced and not
noticed for several months. Change the x86 MSVC job to use the HTTPS
backend for SHA1. The x86 job was chosen with no particular reason.

In commit bbf034ab (hash: move `git_hash_prov` into Win32 backend,
2019-02-22), the `git_hash_prov`'s structure name has been removed in
favour of its typedef'ed name. But as we have no CI that compiles with
the WinHTTPS hashing backend right now, it wasn't noticed that the
implementation that uses this struct wasn't changed correctly.

Fix the struct type to make it compile again.

When selecting the SHA1 backend, we only include the respective C
implementation of the selected backend. But since commit bd48bf3f
(hash: introduce source files to break include circles, 2019-06-14), we
have introduced separate headers and compilation units for all hashes.
So by not including the headers, we may not honor them to compute
whether a file needs to be recompiled and they also will not be
displayed in IDEs.

Add the header files to fix this problem.

When computing whether we need to store a negative pattern, we iterate
through all previously known patterns and check whether the negative
pattern undoes any of the previous ones. In doing so we call `wildmatch`
and check it's return for any negative error values. If there was a
negative return, we will abort and bubble up that error to the caller.

In fact, this check for negative values stems from the time where we
still used `fnmatch` instead of `wildmatch`. For `fnmatch`, negative
values indicate a "real" error, while for `wildmatch` a negative value
may be returned if the matching was prematurely aborted. A premature
abort may for example also happen if the pattern matches a prefix of the
haystack if the pattern is shorter. Returning an error in that case is
the wrong thing to do.

Fix the code to compare for equality with `WM_MATCH`, only. Negative
values returned by `wildmatch` are perfectly fine and thus should be
ignored. Add a test that verifies we do not see the error.

clar: correctly account for "data" suites when counting

Allocate memory more efficiently when packing objects

When our object cache is full, we pick eight items (or the whole cache,
if there are fewer) and evict them. For small cache sizes, this is fine,
but when we're dealing with a large number of objects, we can repeatedly
exhaust the cache and spend a large amount of time in git_oidmap_iterate
trying to find items to evict.

Instead, let's assume that if the cache gets full, we have a large
number of objects that we're handling, and be more aggressive about
evicting items. Let's remove one item for every 2048 items, but not less
than 8. This causes us to scale our evictions in proportion to the size
of the cache and significantly reduces the time we spend in
git_oidmap_iterate.

Before this change, a full pack of all the non-blob objects in the Linux
repository took in excess of 30 minutes and spent 62.3% of total runtime
in odb_read_1 and its children, and 44.3% of the time in
git_oidmap_iterate. With this change, the same operation now takes 14
minutes and 44 seconds, and odb_read_1 accounts for only 35.9% of total
time, whereas git_oidmap_iterate consists of 6.2%.

Note that we do spend a little more time inflating objects and a decent
amount more time in memcmp. However, overall, the time taken is
significantly improved, and time in pack building is now dominated by
git_delta_create_from_index (33.7%), which is what we would expect.

The packbuilder code allocates memory in chunks. When it needs to
allocate, it tries to add 1024 to the number of objects and multiply by
3/2. However, it actually multiplies by 1 instead, since it performs an
integral division in the expression "3 / 2" and only then multiplies by
the increased number of objects.

The current behavior causes the code to waste massive amounts of time
copying memory when it reallocates, causing inserting all non-blob
objects in the Linux repository into a new pack to take some
indeterminate time greater than 5 minutes instead of 52 seconds.

Correct this error by first dividing by two, and only then multiplying
by 3. We still check for overflow for the multiplication, which is the
only part that can overflow. This appears to be the only place in the
code base which has this problem.

Failing to do that makes clar miss the last of the suites, as all
duplicated "data" would have not been accounted for.

Signed-off-by: Sven Strickroth <email@cs-ware.de>

fileops: fix creation of directory in filesystem root

Right now, we are unconditionally applying all macros found in a
gitatttributes file. But quoting gitattributes(5):

    Custom macro attributes can be defined only in top-level
    gitattributes files ($GIT_DIR/info/attributes, the .gitattributes
    file at the top level of the working tree, or the global or
    system-wide gitattributes files), not in .gitattributes files in
    working tree subdirectories. The built-in macro attribute "binary"
    is equivalent to:

So gitattribute files in subdirectories of the working tree may
explicitly _not_ contain macro definitions, but we do not currently
enforce this limitation.

This patch introduces a new parameter to the gitattributes parser that
tells whether macros are allowed in the current file or not. If set to
`false`, we will still parse macros, but silently ignore them instead of
adding them to the list of defined macros. Update all callers to
correctly determine whether the to-be-parsed file may contain macros or
not. Most importantly, when walking up the directory hierarchy, we will
only set it to `true` once it reaches the root directory of the repo
itself.

Add a test that verifies that we are indeed not applying macros from
subdirectories. Previous to these changes, the test would've failed.

The gitattributes code is one of our oldest and most-untouched codebases
in libgit2, and as such its code style doesn't quite match our current
best practices. Refactor the function `git_attr_file__parse_buffer` to
better match them.

The gitattributes code is one of our oldest and most-untouched codebases
in libgit2, and as such its code style doesn't quite match our current
best practices. Refactor the function `git_attr_file__lookup_standalone`
to better match them.

A macro without any assignments is considered an invalid macro by the
attributes cache and is thus not getting added to the macro map at all.
But as `git_attr_cache__insert_macro` returns success with neither
free'ing nor adopting the macro into its map, this will cause a memory
leak.

Fix this by freeing the macro in the function if it's not going to be
added. This is perfectly fine to do, as callers assume that the
attrcache will have the macro adopted on success anyway.

The function `git_attr_cache__insert_macro` is responsible for adopting
macros in the per-repo macro cache. When adding a macro that replaces an
already existing macro (e.g. because of re-parsing gitattributes files),
then we do not free the previous macro and thus cause a memory leak.

Fix this leak by first checking if the cache already has a macro defined
with the same name. If so, free it before replacing the cache entry with
the new instance.

Add some tests to ensure that the `git_attr_add_macro` function works as
expected.

Implement some tests that verify that we are correctly updating
gitattributes when rewriting or unlinking the corresponding files.