Switch default calling convention to cdecl

git_revparse_ext: should return a NULL reference  when the revparse expression doesn't lead to a reference

don't include ignored as rename candidates

Small grammar fix in docs

Small fixes

Add `git_remote_owner`.

Fixes return type documentation

Fix #1722

Plug some memory leaks

header files show up in vs and xcode

preload configuration paths

Update git__swap threading primitive

This makes git__swap use the __sync_lock_test_and_set primitive
with GCC and the InterlockedExchangePointer primitive with MSVC.
Previously is used compare_and_swap in a way that was probably
unintuitive for most thinking (i.e. it could fail to swap in the
value if another thread raced in).  Now it will always succeed
and the last thread to run in a race will win instead of the
first thread.

This also fixes up a little confusion between volatile void **
and void * volatile * that came up with the Win32 compiler.

Improve submodules status data caching and compatibility

This restores a behavior that was accidentally lost during some
diff refactoring where an untracked directory that contains a .git
item should be treated as IGNORED, not as UNTRACKED.  The submodule
code already detects this, but the diff code was not handling the
scenario right.

This also updates a number of existing tests that were actually
exercising the behavior but did not have the right expectations in
place.  It actually makes the new
`test_diff_submodules__diff_ignore_options` test feel much better
because the "not-a-submodule" entries are now ignored instead of
showing up as untracked items.

Fixes #1697

This adds correct support for an equivalent to --ignore-submodules
in diff, where an actual ignore value can be passed to diff to
override the per submodule settings in the configuration.

This required tweaking the constants for ignore values so that
zero would not be used and could represent an unset option to the
diff.  This was an opportunity to move the submodule values into
include/git2/types.h and to rename the poorly named DEFAULT values
for ignore and update constants to RESET instead.

Now the GIT_DIFF_IGNORE_SUBMODULES flag is exactly the same as
setting the ignore_submodules option to GIT_SUBMODULE_IGNORE_ALL
(which is actually a minor change from the old behavior in that
submodules will now be treated as UNMODIFIED deltas instead of
being left out totally - if you set GIT_DIFF_INCLUDE_UNMODIFIED).

This includes tests for the various new settings.

Submodules now expose an internal status API that allows diff to
get back the OID values from the submodule very easily and also
to avoiding caching issues and to override the ignore setting for
the submodule.

This fixes the way that submodule status is checked to bypass just
about all of the caching in the submodule object.  Based on the
ignore value, it will try to do the minimum work necessary to find
the current status of the submodule - but it will actually go to
disk to get all of the current values.

This also removes the custom refcounting stuff in favor of the
common git_refcount style.  Right now, it is still for internal
purposes only, but it should make it easier to add true submodule
refcounting in the future with a public git_submodule_free call
that will allow bindings not to worry about the submodule object
getting freed from underneath them.

This adds a BARE option to git_repository_open_ext which allows
a fast open path that still knows how to read gitlinks and to
search for the actual .git directory from a subdirectory.

`git_repository_open_bare` is still simpler and faster, but having
a gitlink aware fast open is very useful for submodules where we
want to quickly be able to peek at the HEAD and index data without
doing any other meaningful repo operations.

This is probably not the final form of this change, but this is
a preliminary version of checking a timestamp to see if the cached
working directory HEAD OID matches the current.  Right now, this
uses the timestamp on the index and is, like most of our timestamp
checking, subject to having only second accuracy.

The submodules code caches data about submodules in a way that
can cause problems.  This adds some tests that try making various
modifications to the state of a submodule to see where we can
catch out problems in the submodule caching.

Right now, I've put in an extra git_submodule_reload_all so that
the test will pass, but with that commented out, the test fails.
I'm working on fixing the broken version of the test at which
point I'll commit the fix and delete the extra reload that makes
the test pass.