Make refcounting atomic

New caching

Rename git_packfile_check to git_packfile_alloc since it is now
being used more in that capacity.  Fix the various places that use
it.  Consolidate some repeated code in odb_pack.c related to the
allocation of a new pack_backend.

The indexer was creating a packfile object separately from the
code in pack.c which was a problem since I put a call to
git_mutex_init into just pack.c.  This commit updates the pack
function for creating a new pack object (i.e. git_packfile_check())
so that it can be used in both places and then makes indexer.c
use the shared initialization routine.

There are also a few minor formatting and warning message fixes.

This removes the lock from the repository object and changes the
internals to use the new atomic git__compare_and_swap to update
the _odb, _config, _index, and _refdb variables in a threadsafe
manner.

This builds on the earlier thread safety work to make it so that
setting the odb, index, refdb, or config for a repository is done
in a threadsafe manner with minimized locking time.  This is done
by adding a lock to the repository object and using it to guard
the assignment of the above listed pointers.  The lock is only
held to assign the pointer value.

This also contains some minor fixes to the other work with pack
files to reduce the time that locks are being held to and fix an
apparently memory leak.

This unifies the object parse functions into one signature that
takes an odb_object.

This adds create and free callback to the git_objects_table so
that more of the creation and destruction of objects can be table
driven instead of using switch statements.  This also makes the
semantics of certain object creation functions consistent so that
we can make better use of function pointers.  This also fixes a
theoretical error case where an object allocation fails and we
end up storing NULL into the cache.

This adds some basic tests for the oidmap just to make sure that
collisions, etc. are dealt with correctly.

This also adds some tests for the new caching that check if items
are inserted (or not inserted) properly into the cache, and that
the cache can hold up in a multithreaded environment without error.

When I was writing threading tests for the new cache, the main
error I kept running into was a pack file having it's content
unmapped underneath the running thread.  This adds a lock around
the routines that map and unmap the pack data so that threads can
effectively reload the data when they need it.

This also required reworking the error handling paths in a couple
places in the code which I tried to make consistent.

Add a git_cache_set_max_object_size method that does more checking
around setting the max object size.  Also add a git_cache_size to
read the number of objects currently in the cache.  This makes it
easier to write tests.

This uses the odb object accessors so we can change the internals
more easily...

Do not allow duplicate ODB backends

Revamp the refspec handling

Conflicts:
	src/odb.c

Create include/git2/sys and move backend APIs there

Add missing prototype for p_realpath().

Create a new include/git2/sys/refs.h and move the reference alloc
functions there.  Also fix some documentation issues and some
minor code cleanups.