Commit 5b9890a8 by Zidong Du

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parent 2596a152
\documentclass[letterpaper]{article} % DO NOT CHANGE THIS \documentclass[letterpaper]{article} % DO NOT CHANGE THIS
\def\year{2021}\relax \def\year{2021}\relax
%File: formatting-instructions-latex-2021.tex %File: formatting-instructions-latex-2021.tex
%release 2021.1 %release 2021.1
...@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ ...@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
The emergence of symbolic languages with high compositionality has The emergence of symbolic languages with high compositionality has
attracted extensive attention from a broad range of communities. Existing attracted extensive attention from a broad range of communities. Existing
studies achieve high compositionality through \emph{deliberately handcrafted} studies achieve high compositionality through \emph{deliberately handcrafted}
inductions (e.g., small vocabulary sizes, addtional rewards, constructed inductions (e.g., addtional rewards, constructed
loss functions and ease-of-teaching) in multi-agent learning, which are unnatural. loss functions and ease-of-teaching) in multi-agent learning, which are unnatural.
Yet, few studies investigate the emergence of symbolic language with high Yet, few studies investigate the emergence of symbolic language with high
compositionality \emph{naturally}, i.e., without deliberately handcrafted compositionality \emph{naturally}, i.e., without deliberately handcrafted
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...@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:exp2} (a) and (b) for $MIS>0.99$ and $MIS>0.9$, respectively. It ...@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:exp2} (a) and (b) for $MIS>0.99$ and $MIS>0.9$, respectively. It
can be observed that the ratio of high compositional symbolic languages can be observed that the ratio of high compositional symbolic languages
decreases drastically with the increase of $h_{size}$. decreases drastically with the increase of $h_{size}$.
Taking vocabulary size $|V|=4$ as an example, symbolic languages with Taking vocabulary size $|V|=4$ as an example, symbolic languages with
compositionality $MIS>0.99$ take only around 10\% over all the emerged symbolic compositionality $MIS>0.99$ take $>$10\% mainly over all the emerged symbolic
languages, when $h_{size}<20$; the ratio reduces to 0\%$\sim$5\% when $h_{size}$ languages, when $h_{size}<20$; the ratio reduces to 0\%$\sim$5\% when $h_{size}$
increases to 40; the ratio reduces around 3\% when $h_{size}$ goes beyond 40. increases to 40; the ratio reduces around 3\% when $h_{size}$ goes beyond 40.
$MIS>0.9$ reports similar results. $MIS>0.9$ reports similar results.
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...@@ -39,10 +39,12 @@ vocabulary can express almost infinite concepts.} ...@@ -39,10 +39,12 @@ vocabulary can express almost infinite concepts.}
% %
\begin{figure}[t] \begin{figure}[t]
\centering \centering
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{fig/Figure1_motivation.pdf} \includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{fig/Figure1-motivation.pdf}
\caption{The distribution of compositionality when training 50 times without \caption{The distribution of compositionality when training for 100 symbolic
languages without
any induction. It can be observed that high compositional symbolic language any induction. It can be observed that high compositional symbolic language
seldom emerged (e.g., 0 for compositionality $>0.99$).} seldom emerged (e.g., $<5\%$ for compositionality $>0.99$). Moreover, varying
the vocabulary size does not affect the compositionality notably.}
\label{fig:induction} \label{fig:induction}
\end{figure} \end{figure}
...@@ -52,8 +54,10 @@ sizes~\cite{}, memoryless~\cite{}, addtional rewards~\cite{}, constructed loss f ...@@ -52,8 +54,10 @@ sizes~\cite{}, memoryless~\cite{}, addtional rewards~\cite{}, constructed loss f
ease-of-teaching~\cite{}. \note{The possible intuition is that high compositional symbolic ease-of-teaching~\cite{}. \note{The possible intuition is that high compositional symbolic
language cannot emerge without induction in existing multi-agent environment.} language cannot emerge without induction in existing multi-agent environment.}
Figure~\ref{fig:induction} reports the compositionality when training two agents Figure~\ref{fig:induction} reports the compositionality when training two agents
in the widely-used listener-speaker referential game for 50 times, and it can be observed that \note{the compositionality in the widely-used listener-speaker referential game for emerging 100 symbolic
of emerged symbolic language is extremely low without any induction}. languages, and it can be observed that \note{the compositionality
of emerged symbolic language is extremely low without any induction. Moreover, varying
the vocabulary size does not affect the compositionality notably.}
Though such unnatural inductions are useful, they prevent us from better understanding the mystery of Though such unnatural inductions are useful, they prevent us from better understanding the mystery of
the emergence of language and even intelligence among our pre-human ancestors. the emergence of language and even intelligence among our pre-human ancestors.
Yet, few works investigate the emergence of high compositional symbolic language Yet, few works investigate the emergence of high compositional symbolic language
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