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html: Regenerate. 

2009-04-15  Benjamin Kosnik  <bkoz@redhat.com>

	* doc/html: Regenerate.

From-SVN: r146140
parent 5e623d0b
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libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog
2009-04-15 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
* doc/html: Regenerate.
2009-04-15 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
* doc/xml/manual/status_cxx1998.xml: Update to new table style.
* doc/xml/gnu/gpl-3.0.xml: Add or adjust dbhtml markup.
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/api.html
......@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">FSF
</a>
</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id368924"></a><p>
</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="id446889"></a><p>
<a class="ulink" href="17_intro/license.html" target="_top">License
</a>
</p></div></div></div><hr /></div><p>
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/faq.html
......@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.how"></a><a id="q-how"></a><p><b>1.5.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
How do I contribute to the effort?
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-how"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Here is <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">a page devoted to
Here is <a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing">a page devoted to
this topic</a>. Subscribing to the mailing list (see above, or
the homepage) is a very good idea if you have something to
contribute, or if you have spare time and want to
......@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@
</a></dt></dl></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.what"></a><a id="q-license.what"></a><p><b>2.1.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
What are the license terms for libstdc++?
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-license.what"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
See <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s02.html" title="License">our license description</a>
See <a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">our license description</a>
for these and related questions.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.license.any_program"></a><a id="q-license.any_program"></a><p><b>2.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
So any program which uses libstdc++ falls under the GPL?
......@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@
the source: please consult your vendor for details.
</p><p>
To build and install from the GNU GCC sources, please consult the
<a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch02.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup">setup
<a class="link" href="manual/setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup">setup
documentation</a> for detailed
instructions. You may wish to browse those files ahead
of time to get a feel for what's required.
......@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-what_is_libsupcxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
If the only functions from <code class="filename">libstdc++.a</code>
which you need are language support functions (those listed in
<a class="link" href="manual/support.html" title="Part II. Support">clause 18</a> of the
<a class="link" href="manual/support.html" title="Part II.  Support">clause 18</a> of the
standard, e.g., <code class="function">new</code> and
<code class="function">delete</code>), then try linking against
<code class="filename">libsupc++.a</code>, which is a subset of
......@@ -506,9 +506,9 @@
long</span> specializations, and details of thread support.
</p><p>
Long answer: See the implementation status pages for
<a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998" title="C++ 1998">C++98</a>,
<a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">TR1</a>, and
<a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x" title="C++ 200x">C++0x</a>.
<a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.1998" title="C++ 1998/2003">C++98</a>,
<a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">TR1</a>, and
<a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.200x" title="C++ 200x">C++0x</a>.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.standard_bugs"></a><a id="q-standard_bugs"></a><p><b>5.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Bugs in the ISO C++ language or library specification
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-standard_bugs"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
......@@ -579,12 +579,12 @@
reason is that the state flags are <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> cleared
on a successful call to open(). The standard unfortunately did
not specify behavior in this case, and to everybody's great sorrow,
the <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s03.html" title="Bugs">proposed LWG resolution in
the <a class="link" href="manual/bugs.html" title="Bugs">proposed LWG resolution in
DR #22</a> is to leave the flags unchanged. You must insert a call
to <code class="function">fs.clear()</code> between the calls to close() and open(),
and then everything will work like we all expect it to work.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Update:</em></span> for GCC 4.0 we implemented the resolution
of <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01s03.html" title="Bugs">DR #409</a> and open()
of <a class="link" href="manual/bugs.html" title="Bugs">DR #409</a> and open()
now calls <code class="function">clear()</code> on success!
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.wefcxx_verbose"></a><a id="q-wefcxx_verbose"></a><p><b>6.2.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
-Weffc++ complains too much
......@@ -685,7 +685,7 @@
list::size() is O(n)!
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-list_size_on"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
See
the <a class="link" href="manual/containers.html" title="Part VII. Containers">Containers</a>
the <a class="link" href="manual/containers.html" title="Part VII.  Containers">Containers</a>
chapter.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.easy_to_fix"></a><a id="q-easy_to_fix"></a><p><b>6.9.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
Aw, that's easy to fix!
......@@ -696,7 +696,7 @@
patches</a> that covers the procedure, but for libstdc++ you
should also send the patch to our mailing list in addition to
the GCC patches mailing list. The libstdc++
<a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing">contributors' page</a>
<a class="link" href="manual/appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing">contributors' page</a>
also talks about how to submit patches.
</p><p>
In addition to the description, the patch, and the ChangeLog
......@@ -789,7 +789,7 @@
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1836.pdf" target="_top">
Technical Report 1</a>.
</p><p>
The implementation status of TR1 in libstdc++ can be tracked <a class="link" href="manual/bk01pt01ch01.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">on the TR1 status
The implementation status of TR1 in libstdc++ can be tracked <a class="link" href="manual/status.html#manual.intro.status.standard.tr1" title="C++ TR1">on the TR1 status
page</a>.
</p></td></tr><tr class="question"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="faq.get_iso_cxx"></a><a id="q-get_iso_cxx"></a><p><b>7.6.</b></p></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>How do I get a copy of the ISO C++ Standard?
</p></td></tr><tr class="answer"><td align="left" valign="top"><a id="a-get_iso_cxx"></a></td><td align="left" valign="top"><p>
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/abi.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; ABI&#10; , &#10; version&#10; , &#10; dynamic&#10; , &#10; shared&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="internals.html" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="internals.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>ABI Policy and Guidelines</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; ABI&#10; , &#10; version&#10; , &#10; dynamic&#10; , &#10; shared&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="internals.html" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems" /><link rel="next" href="api.html" title="API Evolution and Deprecation History" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">ABI Policy and Guidelines</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="internals.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. 
Porting and Maintenance
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="api.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.abi"></a>ABI Policy and Guidelines</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.cxx_interface"></a>The C++ Interface</h3></div></div></div><p>
C++ applications often dependent on specific language support
routines, say for throwing exceptions, or catching exceptions, and
......@@ -461,54 +464,54 @@ gcc test.c -g -O2 -L. -lone -ltwo /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.5 /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR24660" target="_top">24660: versioning weak symbols in libstdc++</a>
</p><p>
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/PR19664" target="_top">19664: libstdc++ headers should have pop/push of the visibility around the declarations</a>
</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571553"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="abi.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id570943"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ABIcheck, a vague idea of checking ABI compatibility
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://abicheck.sourceforge.net/" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571570"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id570961"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
C++ ABI Reference
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.codesourcery.com/cxx-abi" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571588"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id570979"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/techtopics/LinuxCompilersCompatibility.htm" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571606"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id570996"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Intel® Compilers for Linux* -Compatibility with the GNU Compilers
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://developer.intel.com/software/products/compilers/techtopics/LinuxCompilersCompatibility.htm" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571623"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571014"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Sun Solaris 2.9 : Linker and Libraries Guide (document 816-1386)
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/?p=/doc/816-1386&amp;a=load" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571640"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571030"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Sun Solaris 2.9 : C++ Migration Guide (document 816-2459)
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://docs.sun.com/db/prod/solaris.9" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571658"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571048"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ELF Symbol Versioning
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://people.redhat.com/drepper/symbol-versioning" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571686"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571076"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
C++ ABI for the ARM Architecture
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.arm.com/miscPDFs/8033.pdf" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571703"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571094"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Dynamic Shared Objects: Survey and Issues
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0046
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Benjamin</span> <span class="surname">Kosnik</span>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2006/n1976.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571735"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id571126"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Versioning With Namespaces
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
ISO C++ J16/06-0083
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/algorithms.html
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Algorithms
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms"></a>Part IX. 
Algorithms
<a id="id476408" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt09pr02.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html">20. Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">One Past the End </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>API Evolution and Deprecation History</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, api, evolution, deprecation, history" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="abi.html" title="ABI Policy and Guidelines" /><link rel="next" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">API Evolution and Deprecation History</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="abi.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. 
Porting and Maintenance
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="backwards.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.api"></a>API Evolution and Deprecation History</h2></div></div></div><p>
A list of user-visible changes, in chronological order
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="api.rel_300"></a><code class="constant">3.0</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
Extensions moved to <code class="filename">include/ext</code>.
......@@ -72,11 +75,11 @@ _Alloc_traits</code> have been removed.
<span class="type">__alloc</span> to select an underlying allocator that
satisfied memory allocation requests. The selection of this
underlying allocator was not user-configurable.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id549268"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template&lt;int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template&lt;bool,int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
</p><div class="table"><a id="id530186"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.1. Extension Allocators</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator (3.4)</th><th align="left">Header (3.4)</th><th align="left">Allocator (3.[0-3])</th><th align="left">Header (3.[0-3])</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::new_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/new_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__new_alloc</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::malloc_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/malloc_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__malloc_alloc_template&lt;int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::debug_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/debug_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::debug_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__pool_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/pool_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"><code class="classname">std::__default_alloc_template&lt;bool,int&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">memory</code></td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::__mt_alloc&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/mt_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::bitmap_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/bitmap_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left"> </td><td align="left"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p> Releases after gcc-3.4 have continued to add to the collection
of available allocators. All of these new allocators are
standard-style. The following table includes details, along with
the first released version of GCC that included the extension allocator.
</p><div class="table"><a id="id502386"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
</p><div class="table"><a id="id595728"></a><p class="title"><b>Table B.2. Extension Allocators Continued</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Extension Allocators Continued" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><thead><tr><th align="left">Allocator</th><th align="left">Include</th><th align="left">Version</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::array_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/array_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.0.0</td></tr><tr><td align="left"><code class="classname">__gnu_cxx::throw_allocator&lt;T&gt;</code></td><td align="left"><code class="filename">ext/throw_allocator.h</code></td><td align="left">4.2.0</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
Debug mode first appears.
</p><p>
Precompiled header support <acronym class="acronym">PCH</acronym> support.
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/appendix_contributing.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix A.  Contributing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html" title="Use" /><link rel="next" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix A. 
Contributing
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.contrib"></a>Appendix A. 
Contributing
<a id="id573380" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="documentation_style.html">Documentation Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.doxygen">Doxygen</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="documentation_style.html#doc_style.docbook">Docbook</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
The GNU C++ Library follows an open development model. Active
contributors are assigned maintainer-ship responsibility, and given
write access to the source repository. First time contributors
......@@ -36,11 +42,11 @@
</p></li><li><p>
Be familiar with the extensions that preceded these
general GNU rules. These style issues for libstdc++ can be
found <a class="link" href="bk01apas03.html" title="Coding Style">here</a>.
found <a class="link" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style">here</a>.
</p></li><li><p>
And last but certainly not least, read the
library-specific information
found <a class="link" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B. Porting and Maintenance"> here</a>.
found <a class="link" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance"> here</a>.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.copyright"></a>Assignment</h3></div></div></div><p>
Small changes can be accepted without a copyright assignment form on
file. New code and additions to the library need completed copyright
......@@ -104,4 +110,4 @@
mail message and send it to libstdc++@gcc.gnu.org. All
patches and related discussion should be sent to the
libstdc++ mailing list.
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Appendix C.  Free Software Needs Free Documentation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="backwards.html" title="Backwards Compatibility" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D.  GNU General Public License version 3" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Appendix C. 
Free Software Needs Free Documentation
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="appendix.free"></a>Appendix C. 
Free Software Needs Free Documentation
<a id="id524996" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><p>
The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
these systems. Many of our most important programs do not come with
......@@ -113,4 +119,6 @@ prefer copylefted manuals to non-copylefted ones.
that lists free books available from other publishers</a>].
</p><p>Copyright © 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA</p><p>Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article are
permitted worldwide, without royalty, in any medium, provided this
notice is preserved.</p><p>Report any problems or suggestions to <code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:webmaster@fsf.org">webmaster@fsf.org</a>&gt;</code>.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01apd.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Backwards Compatibility </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix D. GNU General Public License</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
notice is preserved.</p><p>Report any problems or suggestions to <code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:webmaster@fsf.org">webmaster@fsf.org</a>&gt;</code>.</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="backwards.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_gpl.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Backwards Compatibility </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix D. 
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/associative.html 0 → 100644
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 17. Associative</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII.  Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="vector.html" title="vector" /><link rel="next" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 17. Associative</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="vector.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII. 
Containers
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitset.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.associative"></a>Chapter 17. Associative</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.associative.insert_hints"></a>Insertion Hints</h2></div></div></div><p>
Section [23.1.2], Table 69, of the C++ standard lists this
function for all of the associative containers (map, set, etc):
</p><pre class="programlisting">
a.insert(p,t);
</pre><p>
where 'p' is an iterator into the container 'a', and 't' is the
item to insert. The standard says that “<span class="quote"><code class="code">t</code> is
inserted as close as possible to the position just prior to
<code class="code">p</code>.</span>” (Library DR #233 addresses this topic,
referring to <a class="ulink" href="http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2005/n1780.html" target="_top">N1780</a>.
Since version 4.2 GCC implements the resolution to DR 233, so
that insertions happen as close as possible to the hint. For
earlier releases the hint was only used as described below.
</p><p>
Here we'll describe how the hinting works in the libstdc++
implementation, and what you need to do in order to take
advantage of it. (Insertions can change from logarithmic
complexity to amortized constant time, if the hint is properly
used.) Also, since the current implementation is based on the
SGI STL one, these points may hold true for other library
implementations also, since the HP/SGI code is used in a lot of
places.
</p><p>
In the following text, the phrases <span class="emphasis"><em>greater
than</em></span> and <span class="emphasis"><em>less than</em></span> refer to the
results of the strict weak ordering imposed on the container by
its comparison object, which defaults to (basically)
“<span class="quote">&lt;</span>”. Using those phrases is semantically sloppy,
but I didn't want to get bogged down in syntax. I assume that if
you are intelligent enough to use your own comparison objects,
you are also intelligent enough to assign “<span class="quote">greater</span>”
and “<span class="quote">lesser</span>” their new meanings in the next
paragraph. *grin*
</p><p>
If the <code class="code">hint</code> parameter ('p' above) is equivalent to:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
<code class="code">begin()</code>, then the item being inserted should
have a key less than all the other keys in the container.
The item will be inserted at the beginning of the container,
becoming the new entry at <code class="code">begin()</code>.
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">end()</code>, then the item being inserted should have
a key greater than all the other keys in the container. The
item will be inserted at the end of the container, becoming
the new entry at <code class="code">end()</code>.
</p></li><li><p>
neither <code class="code">begin()</code> nor <code class="code">end()</code>, then:
Let <code class="code">h</code> be the entry in the container pointed to
by <code class="code">hint</code>, that is, <code class="code">h = *hint</code>. Then
the item being inserted should have a key less than that of
<code class="code">h</code>, and greater than that of the item preceding
<code class="code">h</code>. The new item will be inserted between
<code class="code">h</code> and <code class="code">h</code>'s predecessor.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
For <code class="code">multimap</code> and <code class="code">multiset</code>, the
restrictions are slightly looser: “<span class="quote">greater than</span>”
should be replaced by “<span class="quote">not less than</span>”and “<span class="quote">less
than</span>” should be replaced by “<span class="quote">not greater
than.</span>” (Why not replace greater with
greater-than-or-equal-to? You probably could in your head, but
the mathematicians will tell you that it isn't the same thing.)
</p><p>
If the conditions are not met, then the hint is not used, and the
insertion proceeds as if you had called <code class="code"> a.insert(t)
</code> instead. (<span class="emphasis"><em>Note </em></span> that GCC releases
prior to 3.0.2 had a bug in the case with <code class="code">hint ==
begin()</code> for the <code class="code">map</code> and <code class="code">set</code>
classes. You should not use a hint argument in those releases.)
</p><p>
This behavior goes well with other containers'
<code class="code">insert()</code> functions which take an iterator: if used,
the new item will be inserted before the iterator passed as an
argument, same as the other containers.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Note </em></span> also that the hint in this
implementation is a one-shot. The older insertion-with-hint
routines check the immediately surrounding entries to ensure that
the new item would in fact belong there. If the hint does not
point to the correct place, then no further local searching is
done; the search begins from scratch in logarithmic time.
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happen with misuse of the <code class="classname">auto_ptr</code> class
template (called <acronym class="acronym">AP</acronym> here) would take some
time. Suffice it to say that the use of <acronym class="acronym">AP</acronym>
......@@ -87,4 +87,4 @@
}
</pre><p>
Should you try this with the checks enabled, you will see an error.
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</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.bitmap.design"></a>Design</h3></div></div></div><p>
As this name suggests, this allocator uses a bit-map to keep track
of the used and unused memory locations for it's book-keeping
......@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ else return false.</p></li></ol></div><p>
</p><p>
Consider a block of size 64 ints. In memory, it would look like this:
(assume a 32-bit system where, size_t is a 32-bit entity).
</p><div class="table"><a id="id461252"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -&gt; Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
</p><div class="table"><a id="id501153"></a><p class="title"><b>Table 32.1. Bitmap Allocator Memory Map</b></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Bitmap Allocator Memory Map" border="1"><colgroup><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /><col align="left" /></colgroup><tbody><tr><td align="left">268</td><td align="left">0</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">4294967295</td><td align="left">Data -&gt; Space for 64 ints</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
The first Column(268) represents the size of the Block in bytes as
seen by the Bitmap Allocator. Internally, a global free list is
used to keep track of the free blocks used and given back by the
......@@ -337,4 +337,4 @@ equivalent.</p></li><li><p>And also this would preserve the cache as far as poss
sizeof(size_t) x 8 which is the number of bits in an integer,
which can fit exactly in a CPU register. Hence, the term given is
exponential growth of the internal pool.
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No, you cannot write code of the form
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;bitset&gt;
void foo (size_t n)
{
std::bitset&lt;n&gt; bits;
....
}
</pre><p>
because <code class="code">n</code> must be known at compile time. Your
compiler is correct; it is not a bug. That's the way templates
work. (Yes, it <span class="emphasis"><em>is</em></span> a feature.)
</p><p>
There are a couple of ways to handle this kind of thing. Please
consider all of them before passing judgement. They include, in
no particular order:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>A very large N in <code class="code">bitset&lt;N&gt;</code>.</p></li><li><p>A container&lt;bool&gt;.</p></li><li><p>Extremely weird solutions.</p></li></ul></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>A very large N in
<code class="code">bitset&lt;N&gt;</code>.  </em></span> It has been
pointed out a few times in newsgroups that N bits only takes up
(N/8) bytes on most systems, and division by a factor of eight is
pretty impressive when speaking of memory. Half a megabyte given
over to a bitset (recall that there is zero space overhead for
housekeeping info; it is known at compile time exactly how large
the set is) will hold over four million bits. If you're using
those bits as status flags (e.g.,
“<span class="quote">changed</span>”/“<span class="quote">unchanged</span>” flags), that's a
<span class="emphasis"><em>lot</em></span> of state.
</p><p>
You can then keep track of the “<span class="quote">maximum bit used</span>”
during some testing runs on representative data, make note of how
many of those bits really need to be there, and then reduce N to
a smaller number. Leave some extra space, of course. (If you
plan to write code like the incorrect example above, where the
bitset is a local variable, then you may have to talk your
compiler into allowing that much stack space; there may be zero
space overhead, but it's all allocated inside the object.)
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>A container&lt;bool&gt;.  </em></span> The
Committee made provision for the space savings possible with that
(N/8) usage previously mentioned, so that you don't have to do
wasteful things like <code class="code">Container&lt;char&gt;</code> or
<code class="code">Container&lt;short int&gt;</code>. Specifically,
<code class="code">vector&lt;bool&gt;</code> is required to be specialized for
that space savings.
</p><p>
The problem is that <code class="code">vector&lt;bool&gt;</code> doesn't
behave like a normal vector anymore. There have been recent
journal articles which discuss the problems (the ones by Herb
Sutter in the May and July/August 1999 issues of C++ Report cover
it well). Future revisions of the ISO C++ Standard will change
the requirement for <code class="code">vector&lt;bool&gt;</code>
specialization. In the meantime, <code class="code">deque&lt;bool&gt;</code>
is recommended (although its behavior is sane, you probably will
not get the space savings, but the allocation scheme is different
than that of vector).
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Extremely weird solutions.  </em></span> If
you have access to the compiler and linker at runtime, you can do
something insane, like figuring out just how many bits you need,
then writing a temporary source code file. That file contains an
instantiation of <code class="code">bitset</code> for the required number of
bits, inside some wrapper functions with unchanging signatures.
Have your program then call the compiler on that file using
Position Independent Code, then open the newly-created object
file and load those wrapper functions. You'll have an
instantiation of <code class="code">bitset&lt;N&gt;</code> for the exact
<code class="code">N</code> that you need at the time. Don't forget to delete
the temporary files. (Yes, this <span class="emphasis"><em>can</em></span> be, and
<span class="emphasis"><em>has been</em></span>, done.)
</p><p>
This would be the approach of either a visionary genius or a
raving lunatic, depending on your programming and management
style. Probably the latter.
</p><p>
Which of the above techniques you use, if any, are up to you and
your intended application. Some time/space profiling is
indicated if it really matters (don't just guess). And, if you
manage to do anything along the lines of the third category, the
author would love to hear from you...
</p><p>
Also note that the implementation of bitset used in libstdc++ has
<a class="ulink" href="../ext/sgiexts.html#ch23" target="_top">some extensions</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.type_string"></a>Type String</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>
Bitmasks do not take char* nor const char* arguments in their
constructors. This is something of an accident, but you can read
about the problem: follow the library's “<span class="quote">Links</span>” from
the homepage, and from the C++ information “<span class="quote">defect
reflector</span>” link, select the library issues list. Issue
number 116 describes the problem.
</p><p>
For now you can simply make a temporary string object using the
constructor expression:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
std::bitset&lt;5&gt; b ( std::string(“<span class="quote">10110</span>”) );
</pre><p>
instead of
</p><pre class="programlisting">
std::bitset&lt;5&gt; b ( “<span class="quote">10110</span>” ); // invalid
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</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>N</h3><dl><dt>Numerics, <a class="indexterm" href="numerics.html">
Numerics
</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>S</h3><dl><dt>Strings, <a class="indexterm" href="strings.html">
Strings
</a></dt><dt>Support, <a class="indexterm" href="support.html">
Support
</a></dt></dl></div><div class="indexdiv"><h3>U</h3><dl><dt>Utilities, <a class="indexterm" href="utilities.html">
Utilities
</a></dt></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_gfdl.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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The header <code class="filename">limits</code> defines
traits classes to give access to various implementation
defined-aspects of the fundamental types. The traits classes --
......@@ -46,4 +46,4 @@
static const bool tinyness_before;
static const float_round_style round_style;
};
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The only change that might affect people is the type of
<code class="constant">NULL</code>: while it is required to be a macro,
the definition of that macro is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed
......@@ -26,4 +26,4 @@
</p><p>See
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.awprofessional.com/titles/0-201-31015-5/" target="_top">the
Effective C++ CD example</a>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title></title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II.  Support" /><link rel="prev" href="support.html" title="Part II.  Support" /><link rel="next" href="fundamental_types.html" title="Chapter 4. Types" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center"></th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="support.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. 
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This part deals with the functions called and objects created
automatically during the course of a program's existence.
</p><p>
......@@ -8,4 +11,7 @@
need to get your own copy from your nation's member body; see our
homepage for help), we can mention a couple of changes in what
kind of support a C++ program gets from the Standard Library.
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The standard exception classes carry with them a single string as
data (usually describing what went wrong or where the 'throw' took
place). It's good to remember that you can add your own data to
......@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
int e;
DBID id; // some user-defined type
};
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 8. Concept Checking</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="diagnostics.html" title="Part III.  Diagnostics" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html" title="Cancellation" /><link rel="next" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV.  Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 8. Concept Checking</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part III. 
Diagnostics
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics.concept_checking"></a>Chapter 8. Concept Checking</h2></div></div></div><p>
In 1999, SGI added “<span class="quote">concept checkers</span>” to their
implementation of the STL: code which checked the template
parameters of instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure
......@@ -36,4 +39,7 @@
support for template parameter constraints based on concepts in the core
language. This will obviate the need for the library-simulated concept
checking described above.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="diagnostics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Cancellation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part IV. Utilities</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="diagnostics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Cancellation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part IV. 
Utilities
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt05ch13.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 13. String Classes</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="prev" href="strings.html" title="Part V. Strings" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html" title="Case Sensitivity" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part V. Strings</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.strings.string"></a>Chapter 13. String Classes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.simple"></a>Simple Transformations</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 13. String Classes</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="strings.html" title="Part V.  Strings" /><link rel="prev" href="strings.html" title="Part V.  Strings" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html" title="Case Sensitivity" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part V. 
Strings
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.strings.string"></a>Chapter 13. String Classes</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.simple"></a>Simple Transformations</h2></div></div></div><p>
Here are Standard, simple, and portable ways to perform common
transformations on a <code class="code">string</code> instance, such as
"convert to all upper case." The word transformations
......@@ -86,4 +89,7 @@
str.erase(notwhite+1); </pre><p>Obviously, the calls to <code class="code">find</code> could be inserted directly
into the calls to <code class="code">erase</code>, in case your compiler does not
optimize named temporaries out of existence.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="strings.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part V. Strings </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Case Sensitivity</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="strings.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="strings.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part V. 
Strings
 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Case Sensitivity</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt05ch13s06.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CString (MFC)</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit" /><link rel="next" href="localization.html" title="Part VI. Localization" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">CString (MFC)</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.Cstring"></a>CString (MFC)</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>CString (MFC)</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html" title="Shrink to Fit" /><link rel="next" href="localization.html" title="Part VI.  Localization" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">CString (MFC)</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 13. String Classes</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="strings.string.Cstring"></a>CString (MFC)</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>A common lament seen in various newsgroups deals with the Standard
string class as opposed to the Microsoft Foundation Class called
CString. Often programmers realize that a standard portable
......@@ -88,4 +88,7 @@
libstdc++ string, the SGI string, and the SGI rope, and this
is all before any allocator or traits customizations! (More
choices than you can shake a stick at -- want fries with that?)
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Shrink to Fit </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VI. Localization</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="localization.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Shrink to Fit </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VI. 
Localization
</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt08ch19.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 19. Predefined</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="prev" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII. Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html" title="One Past the End" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VIII. Iterators</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators.predefined"></a>Chapter 19. Predefined</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.vs_pointers"></a>Iterators vs. Pointers</h2></div></div></div><p><a class="ulink" href="../faq/index.html#5_1" target="_top">FAQ 5.1</a> points out that iterators
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Iterators
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are not implemented as pointers. They are a generalization of
pointers, but they are implemented in libstdc++ as separate classes.
</p><p>Keeping that simple fact in mind as you design your code will
......@@ -27,4 +30,7 @@
information gets passed down through inheritance, so while the
compiler has to do work looking up all the names, your runtime code
does not. (This has been a prime concern from the beginning.)
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="iterators.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part VIII. Iterators </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> One Past the End</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="iterators.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part VIII. 
Iterators
 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> One Past the End</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt08ch19s02.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>One Past the End</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="next" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">One Past the End</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h2></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy,
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>One Past the End</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /><link rel="next" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX.  Algorithms" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">One Past the End</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Predefined</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h2></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy,
especially towards the end. Trust me.
</p><p>Beginners usually have a little trouble understand the whole
'past-the-end' thing, until they remember their early algebra classes
......@@ -80,4 +80,7 @@
sequences very simple to recognize: if the two endpoints compare
equal, then the {array, sequence, container, whatever} is empty.
</p><p>Just don't dereference <code class="code">end()</code>.
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Algorithms
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt09ch20.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 20. Mutating</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; algorithm&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX. Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="numerics.html" title="Part X. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 20. Mutating</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX. Algorithms</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms.mutating"></a>Chapter 20. Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h3></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 20. Mutating</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; algorithm&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="algorithms.html" title="Part IX.  Algorithms" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt09pr02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="numerics.html" title="Part X.  Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 20. Mutating</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IX. 
Algorithms
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.algorithms.mutating"></a>Chapter 20. Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.mutating.swap">swap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt09ch20.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h3></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
containers, then the call will automatically be replaced by a call to
<code class="code"> x.swap(y); </code> instead.
</p><p>This allows member functions of each container class to take over, and
......@@ -10,4 +13,7 @@
fact use constant-time swaps.) This should not be surprising, since
for two containers of the same type to swap contents, only some
internal pointers to storage need to be exchanged.
</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09pr02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="algorithms.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part X. Numerics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Numerics
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt09pr02.html
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Algorithms
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id476417"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
The neatest accomplishment of the algorithms chapter is that all the
work is done via iterators, not containers directly. This means two
important things:
......@@ -32,4 +35,7 @@
this simple rule that seems to cause so much confusion. Once you
get <span class="emphasis"><em>range</em></span> into your head (it's not that
hard, honest!), then the algorithms are a cakewalk.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="algorithms.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part IX. Algorithms </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 20. Mutating</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Algorithms
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt10ch23s02.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>C99</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt10ch23.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt10ch23.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="io.html" title="Part XI. Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">C99</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>C99</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /><link rel="next" href="io.html" title="Part XI.  Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">C99</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics_and_c.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h2></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some
of the C99 features that appear in libstdc++.
</p><p>The C99 features depend on the <code class="code">--enable-c99</code> configure flag.
This flag is already on by default, but it can be disabled by the
......@@ -13,4 +13,7 @@
are supported, as is the <code class="code">lldiv_t</code> typedef. Also supported
are the wide character functions using 'long long', like
<code class="code">wcstoll</code>.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt10ch23.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt10ch23.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 23. Interacting with C </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part XI. Input and Output</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Input and Output
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Buffering</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /><link rel="prev" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /><link rel="next" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Buffering</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="streambufs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="stringstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="io.streambuf.buffering"></a>Buffering</h2></div></div></div><p>First, are you sure that you understand buffering? Particularly
the fact that C++ may not, in fact, have anything to do with it?
</p><p>The rules for buffering can be a little odd, but they aren't any
different from those of C. (Maybe that's why they can be a bit
......@@ -74,4 +74,4 @@
just those at the language/library level. Kernel buffers, disk
buffers, and the like will also have an effect. Inspecting and
changing those are system-dependent.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch25.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt11ch25.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch26.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 25. Stream Buffers </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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</p><p>The first and most important thing to remember about binary I/O is
that opening a file with <code class="code">ios::binary</code> is not, repeat
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>, the only thing you have to do. It is not a silver
......@@ -92,4 +92,4 @@
article and continuing to the end of the thread. (You'll have to
sort through some flames every couple of paragraphs, but the points
made are good ones.)
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>More Binary Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="bk01pt11ch27.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch28.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">More Binary Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch28.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.binary2"></a>More Binary Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><p>Towards the beginning of February 2001, the subject of
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>More Binary Input and Output</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="fstreams.html" title="Chapter 27. File Based Streams" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="io_and_c.html" title="Chapter 28. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">More Binary Input and Output</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.binary2"></a>More Binary Input and Output</h2></div></div></div><p>Towards the beginning of February 2001, the subject of
"binary" I/O was brought up in a couple of places at the
same time. One notable place was Usenet, where James Kanze and
Dietmar Kühl separately posted articles on why attempting
......@@ -19,4 +19,4 @@
Dietmar Kühl mentioned that he had written a pair of stream
classes that would read and write XDR, which is a good step towards
a portable binary format.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt11ch27.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch28.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Binary Input and Output </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 28. Interacting with C</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt11ch28s02.html
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Pathetic Performance? Ditch C.
</p><p>It sounds like a flame on C, but it isn't. Really. Calm down.
I'm just saying it to get your attention.
......@@ -43,4 +43,7 @@
<code class="code">clog</code>, and their wide-character counterparts). File stream
objects that you declare yourself have no such requirement and are fully
buffered.
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Extensions
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Both the normal conformance and regression tests and the
supplemental performance tests work.
</p><p>
......@@ -23,4 +23,4 @@
additional software dependencies than the usual bare-boned text
file, and can be generated by using the <code class="code">make
doc-performance</code> rule in the testsuite's Makefile.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch31s04.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="parallel_mode.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch32.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Design </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 32. Allocators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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</p><p>A few extensions and nods to backwards-compatibility have been made with
containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style allocators are dealt with
elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal with bits:
......@@ -40,4 +40,4 @@
</p><pre class="programlisting">
size_t _Find_first() const;
size_t _Find_next (size_t prev) const;</pre><p>The same caveat given for the _Unchecked_* functions applies here also.
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Deprecated HP/SGI</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 33. Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html" title="HP/SGI" /><link rel="next" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 34. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Deprecated HP/SGI</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 33. Containers</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi"></a>Deprecated HP/SGI</h2></div></div></div><p>
The SGI hashing classes <code class="classname">hash_set</code> and
<code class="classname">hash_set</code> have been deprecated by the
unordered_set, unordered_multiset, unordered_map,
......@@ -47,4 +47,4 @@
possibility of pathological cases, you'll probably get better
performance from hash_map.
</em></span>
</p></blockquote></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt12ch33.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch34.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">HP/SGI </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 34. Utilities</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt12ch40s02.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
implemented via compiler intrinsics (if the underlying host is
capable) or by library fallbacks.</p><p>Compiler intrinsics (builtins) are always preferred. However, as
the compiler builtins for atomics are not universally implemented,
......@@ -38,4 +38,4 @@ use this layer. More detail as to the specific interface can be found in the sou
functions, and usage found in the usual &lt;pthread.h&gt; file,
including <code class="code">pthread_t</code>, <code class="code">pthread_once_t</code>, <code class="code">pthread_create</code>,
etc.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 40. Concurrency </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Use</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 40. Concurrency </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Use</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt12ch40s03.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A. Contributing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 40. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;ext/concurrence.h&gt;
......@@ -31,4 +31,7 @@ the mutex as control moves out of this block.
concurrence-related errors. These classes
are: <code class="code">__concurrence_lock_error</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_unlock_error</code>, <code class="code">__concurrence_wait_error</code>,
and <code class="code">__concurrence_broadcast_error</code>.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Implementation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A. Contributing</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="ext_concurrency.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_contributing.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Implementation </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Appendix A. 
Contributing
</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bk01pt12pr03.html
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Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="id510314"></a></h2></div></div></div><p>
Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard extensions to
the library. Some of these are from SGI's STL, some of these are GNU's,
and some just seemed to appear on the doorstep.
......@@ -18,4 +21,7 @@ extensions, be aware of two things:
</p></li><li><p>
You should know how to <a class="ulink" href="XXX" target="_top">access
these headers properly</a>.
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch29.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part XII. Extensions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></li></ol></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="extensions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part XII. 
Extensions
 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/complex.html 0 → 100644
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 21. Complex</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X.  Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="numerics.html" title="Part X.  Numerics" /><link rel="next" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html" title="Chapter 22. Generalized Operations" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 21. Complex</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X. 
Numerics
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.complex"></a>Chapter 21. Complex</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.complex.processing"></a>complex Processing</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>Using <code class="code">complex&lt;&gt;</code> becomes even more comple- er, sorry,
<span class="emphasis"><em>complicated</em></span>, with the not-quite-gratuitously-incompatible
addition of complex types to the C language. David Tribble has
compiled a list of C++98 and C99 conflict points; his description of
C's new type versus those of C++ and how to get them playing together
nicely is
<a class="ulink" href="http://david.tribble.com/text/cdiffs.htm#C99-complex" target="_top">here</a>.
</p><p><code class="code">complex&lt;&gt;</code> is intended to be instantiated with a
floating-point type. As long as you meet that and some other basic
requirements, then the resulting instantiation has all of the usual
math operators defined, as well as definitions of <code class="code">op&lt;&lt;</code>
and <code class="code">op&gt;&gt;</code> that work with iostreams: <code class="code">op&lt;&lt;</code>
prints <code class="code">(u,v)</code> and <code class="code">op&gt;&gt;</code> can read <code class="code">u</code>,
<code class="code">(u)</code>, and <code class="code">(u,v)</code>.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="numerics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part X. 
Numerics
 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/configure.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Configure</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; configure&#10; , &#10; options&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="next" href="make.html" title="Make" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Configure</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="setup.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="make.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.configure"></a>Configure</h2></div></div></div><p>
When configuring libstdc++, you'll have to configure the entire
<span class="emphasis"><em>gccsrcdir</em></span> directory. Consider using the
toplevel gcc configuration option
......@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
specify a wrapper for malloc, 'mt' for a fixed power of two allocator,
'pool' for the SGI pooled allocator or 'bitmap' for a bitmap allocator.
This option can change the library ABI. See this page for more information on allocator
<a class="link" href="bk01pt04ch11.html#allocator.ext" title="Extension Allocators">extensions</a>
<a class="link" href="memory.html#allocator.ext" title="Extension Allocators">extensions</a>
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">--enable-cheaders=OPTION</code></span></dt><dd><p>This allows the user to define the approach taken for C header
compatibility with C++. Options are c, c_std, and c_global.
These correspond to the source directory's include/c,
......@@ -198,4 +198,4 @@
linking of libpthread too, which activates locking, a large overhead
for single-thread programs. OPTION=no skips the tests completely.
The default is OPTION=no.
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/containers.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VII. Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="messages.html" title="messages" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt07ch16.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VII. Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt07ch16.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.containers"></a>Part VII. Containers</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch16.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch16s02.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch16s02.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch17.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch17.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt07ch18.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt07ch18.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt07ch16.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">messages </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 16. Sequences</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VII.  Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="messages.html" title="messages" /><link rel="next" href="sequences.html" title="Chapter 16. Sequences" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VII. 
Containers
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Containers
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</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="sequences.html">16. Sequences</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="sequences.html#containers.sequences.list">list</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="sequences.html#sequences.list.size">list::size() is O(n)</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="vector.html">vector</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="vector.html#sequences.vector.management">Space Overhead Management</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="associative.html">17. Associative</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="associative.html#containers.associative.insert_hints">Insertion Hints</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bitset.html">bitset</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.size_variable">Size Variable</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bitset.html#associative.bitset.type_string">Type String</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="containers_and_c.html">18. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="messages.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="sequences.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">messages </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 16. Sequences</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/containers_and_c.html 0 → 100644
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="containers.html" title="Part VII.  Containers" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="iterators.html" title="Part VIII.  Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 18. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VII. 
Containers
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.containers.c"></a>Chapter 18. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="containers_and_c.html#containers.c.vs_array">Containers vs. Arrays</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="containers.c.vs_array"></a>Containers vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>
You're writing some code and can't decide whether to use builtin
arrays or some kind of container. There are compelling reasons
to use one of the container classes, but you're afraid that
you'll eventually run into difficulties, change everything back
to arrays, and then have to change all the code that uses those
data types to keep up with the change.
</p><p>
If your code makes use of the standard algorithms, this isn't as
scary as it sounds. The algorithms don't know, nor care, about
the kind of “<span class="quote">container</span>” on which they work, since
the algorithms are only given endpoints to work with. For the
container classes, these are iterators (usually
<code class="code">begin()</code> and <code class="code">end()</code>, but not always).
For builtin arrays, these are the address of the first element
and the <a class="ulink" href="../24_iterators/howto.html#2" target="_top">past-the-end</a> element.
</p><p>
Some very simple wrapper functions can hide all of that from the
rest of the code. For example, a pair of functions called
<code class="code">beginof</code> can be written, one that takes an array,
another that takes a vector. The first returns a pointer to the
first element, and the second returns the vector's
<code class="code">begin()</code> iterator.
</p><p>
The functions should be made template functions, and should also
be declared inline. As pointed out in the comments in the code
below, this can lead to <code class="code">beginof</code> being optimized out
of existence, so you pay absolutely nothing in terms of increased
code size or execution time.
</p><p>
The result is that if all your algorithm calls look like
</p><pre class="programlisting">
std::transform(beginof(foo), endof(foo), beginof(foo), SomeFunction);
</pre><p>
then the type of foo can change from an array of ints to a vector
of ints to a deque of ints and back again, without ever changing
any client code.
</p><p>
This author has a collection of such functions, called
“<span class="quote">*of</span>” because they all extend the builtin
“<span class="quote">sizeof</span>”. It started with some Usenet discussions
on a transparent way to find the length of an array. A
simplified and much-reduced version for easier reading is <a class="ulink" href="wrappers_h.txt" target="_top">given here</a>.
</p><p>
Astute readers will notice two things at once: first, that the
container class is still a <code class="code">vector&lt;T&gt;</code> instead
of a more general <code class="code">Container&lt;T&gt;</code>. This would
mean that three functions for <code class="code">deque</code> would have to be
added, another three for <code class="code">list</code>, and so on. This is
due to problems with getting template resolution correct; I find
it easier just to give the extra three lines and avoid confusion.
</p><p>
Second, the line
</p><pre class="programlisting">
inline unsigned int lengthof (T (&amp;)[sz]) { return sz; }
</pre><p>
looks just weird! Hint: unused parameters can be left nameless.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VIII. 
Iterators
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/debug.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Debugging Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; debug&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html" title="Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="support.html" title="Part II. Support" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Debugging Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.debug"></a>Debugging Support</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Debugging Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; debug&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_exceptions.html" title="Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="support.html" title="Part II.  Support" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Debugging Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.debug"></a>Debugging Support</h2></div></div></div><p>
There are numerous things that can be done to improve the ease with
which C++ binaries are debugged when using the GNU tool chain. Here
are some of them.
......@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
thing of great importance to keep in mind when debugging C++ code
that uses <code class="code">new</code> and <code class="code">delete</code>: there are
different kinds of allocation schemes that can be used by <code class="code">
std::allocator </code>. For implementation details, see the <a class="link" href="bk01pt12ch32.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt" title="mt_allocator">mt allocator</a> documentation and
std::allocator </code>. For implementation details, see the <a class="link" href="ext_allocators.html#manual.ext.allocator.mt" title="mt_allocator">mt allocator</a> documentation and
look specifically for <code class="code">GLIBCXX_FORCE_NEW</code>.
</p><p>
In a nutshell, the default allocator used by <code class="code">
......@@ -138,12 +138,15 @@
set print demangle on
set demangle-style gnu-v3
</pre></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p>
The <a class="link" href="bk01pt02ch06s02.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose
The <a class="link" href="verbose_termination.html" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose
termination handler</a> gives information about uncaught
exceptions which are killing the program. It is described in the
linked-to page.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.debug_mode"></a>Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode">Debug Mode</a>
has compile and run-time checks for many containers.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="bk01pt12ch29.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
Checks</a> Extension has compile-time checks for many algorithms.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt01ch03s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II. Support</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="support.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II. 
Support
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 30. Debug Mode</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; , &#10; debug&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html" title="Semantics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 30. Debug Mode</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
Extensions
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By default, libstdc++ is built with efficiency in mind, and
therefore performs little or no error checking that is not
required by the C++ standard. This means that programs that
......@@ -31,4 +34,4 @@
the same predicate that was passed
to <code class="code">set_intersection</code>; the libstdc++ debug mode will
detect an error if the sequence is not sorted or was sorted by a
different predicate.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch29.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Semantics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
different predicate.</p></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch30s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Semantics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Diagnostics
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Diagnostics
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</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="exceptions.html">7. Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt03ch08.html">8. Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="verbose_termination.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="exceptions.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Verbose Terminate Handler </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7. Exceptions</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="support.html" title="Part II.  Support" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html" title="NULL" /><link rel="next" href="termination.html" title="Chapter 6. Termination" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. 
Support
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.memory"></a>Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory</h2></div></div></div><p>
There are six flavors each of <code class="function">new</code> and
<code class="function">delete</code>, so make certain that you're using the right
ones. Here are quickie descriptions of <code class="function">new</code>:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
single object form, throwing a
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors; this is what most
people are used to using
</p></li><li><p>
Single object "nothrow" form, returning NULL on errors
</p></li><li><p>
Array <code class="function">new</code>, throwing
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors
</p></li><li><p>
Array nothrow <code class="function">new</code>, returning
<code class="constant">NULL</code> on errors
</p></li><li><p>
Placement <code class="function">new</code>, which does nothing (like
it's supposed to)
</p></li><li><p>
Placement array <code class="function">new</code>, which also does
nothing
</p></li></ul></div><p>
They are distinguished by the parameters that you pass to them, like
any other overloaded function. The six flavors of <code class="function">delete</code>
are distinguished the same way, but none of them are allowed to throw
an exception under any circumstances anyhow. (They match up for
completeness' sake.)
</p><p>
Remember that it is perfectly okay to call <code class="function">delete</code> on a
NULL pointer! Nothing happens, by definition. That is not the
same thing as deleting a pointer twice.
</p><p>
By default, if one of the “<span class="quote">throwing <code class="function">new</code>s</span>” can't
allocate the memory requested, it tosses an instance of a
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> exception (or, technically, some class derived
from it). You can change this by writing your own function (called a
new-handler) and then registering it with <code class="function">set_new_handler()</code>:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
typedef void (*PFV)(void);
static char* safety;
static PFV old_handler;
void my_new_handler ()
{
delete[] safety;
popup_window ("Dude, you are running low on heap memory. You
should, like, close some windows, or something.
The next time you run out, we're gonna burn!");
set_new_handler (old_handler);
return;
}
int main ()
{
safety = new char[500000];
old_handler = set_new_handler (&amp;my_new_handler);
...
}
</pre><p>
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> is derived from the base <code class="classname">exception</code>
class defined in Chapter 19.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="support.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">NULL </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 6. Termination</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Diagnostics
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions"></a>Chapter 7. Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="exceptions.html#manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy">Exception Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Adding Data to Exceptions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt03ch07s03.html">Cancellation</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.diagnostics.exceptions.hierarchy"></a>Exception Classes</h2></div></div></div><p>
All exception objects are defined in one of the standard header
files: <code class="filename">exception</code>,
<code class="filename">stdexcept</code>, <code class="filename">new</code>, and
<code class="filename">typeinfo</code>.
</p><p>
The base exception object is <code class="classname">exception</code>,
located in <code class="filename">exception</code>. This object has no
<code class="classname">string</code> member.
</p><p>
Derived from this are several classes that may have a
<code class="classname">string</code> member: a full hierarchy can be
found in the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/a00233.html" target="_top">source documentation</a>.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="diagnostics.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="diagnostics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt03ch07s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part III. 
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 35. Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 34. Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="ext_numerics.html" title="Chapter 36. Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 35. Algorithms</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 35. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
and count_if. The standard versions return their results. The
additional signatures return void, but take a final parameter by
reference to which they assign their results, e.g.,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
void count (first, last, value, n);</pre><p>25.2 (mutating algorithms) is extended with two families of signatures,
random_sample and random_sample_n.
</p><p>25.2.1 (copy) is extended with
</p><pre class="programlisting">
copy_n (_InputIter first, _Size count, _OutputIter result);</pre><p>which copies the first 'count' elements at 'first' into 'result'.
</p><p>25.3 (sorting 'n' heaps 'n' stuff) is extended with some helper
predicates. Look in the doxygen-generated pages for notes on these.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">is_heap</code> tests whether or not a range is a heap.</p></li><li><p><code class="code">is_sorted</code> tests whether or not a range is sorted in
nondescending order.</p></li></ul></div><p>25.3.8 (lexicographical_compare) is extended with
</p><pre class="programlisting">
lexicographical_compare_3way(_InputIter1 first1, _InputIter1 last1,
_InputIter2 first2, _InputIter2 last2)</pre><p>which does... what?
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 34. Utilities </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 36. Numerics</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt12pr03.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 30. Debug Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 29. Compile Time Checks</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
Extensions
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Also known as concept checking.
</p><p>In 1999, SGI added <span class="emphasis"><em>concept checkers</em></span> to their implementation
of the STL: code which checked the template parameters of
instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure that the parameters
being used met the requirements of the standard. For example,
the Standard requires that types passed as template parameters to
<code class="code">vector</code> be “<span class="quote">Assignable</span>” (which means what you think
it means). The checking was done during compilation, and none of
the code was executed at runtime.
</p><p>Unfortunately, the size of the compiler files grew significantly
as a result. The checking code itself was cumbersome. And bugs
were found in it on more than one occasion.
</p><p>The primary author of the checking code, Jeremy Siek, had already
started work on a replacement implementation. The new code has been
formally reviewed and accepted into
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.boost.org/libs/concept_check/concept_check.htm" target="_top">the
Boost libraries</a>, and we are pleased to incorporate it into the
GNU C++ library.
</p><p>The new version imposes a much smaller space overhead on the generated
object file. The checks are also cleaner and easier to read and
understand.
</p><p>They are off by default for all versions of GCC from 3.0 to 3.4 (the
latest release at the time of writing).
They can be enabled at configure time with
<a class="ulink" href="../configopts.html" target="_top"><code class="literal">--enable-concept-checks</code></a>.
You can enable them on a per-translation-unit basis with
<code class="code">#define _GLIBCXX_CONCEPT_CHECKS</code> for GCC 3.4 and higher
(or with <code class="code">#define _GLIBCPP_CONCEPT_CHECKS</code> for versions
3.1, 3.2 and 3.3).
</p><p>Please note that the upcoming C++ standard has first-class
support for template parameter constraints based on concepts in the core
language. This will obviate the need for the library-simulated concept
checking described above.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12pr03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 30. Debug Mode</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 40. Concurrency</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_demangling.html" title="Chapter 39. Demangling" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html" title="Implementation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 40. Concurrency</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_demangling.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency"></a>Chapter 40. Concurrency</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design">Design</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads">Interface to Locks and Mutexes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="ext_concurrency.html#manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics">Interface to Atomic Functions</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks">Using Builtin Atomic Functions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html#manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread">Thread Abstraction</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt12ch40s03.html">Use</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.threads"></a>Interface to Locks and Mutexes</h3></div></div></div><p>The file &lt;ext/concurrence.h&gt; contains all the higher-level
constructs for playing with threads. In contrast to the atomics layer,
the concurrence layer consists largely of types. All types are defined within <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
</p><p>
These types can be used in a portable manner, regardless of the
specific environment. They are carefully designed to provide optimum
efficiency and speed, abstracting out underlying thread calls and
accesses when compiling for single-threaded situations (even on hosts
that support multiple threads.)
</p><p>The enumerated type <code class="code">_Lock_policy</code> details the set of
available locking
policies: <code class="code">_S_single</code>, <code class="code">_S_mutex</code>,
and <code class="code">_S_atomic</code>.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">_S_single</code></p><p>Indicates single-threaded code that does not need locking.
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">_S_mutex</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using thread-layer abstractions.
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">_S_atomic</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using atomic operations.
</p></li></ul></div><p>The compile-time constant <code class="code">__default_lock_policy</code> is set
to one of the three values above, depending on characteristics of the
host environment and the current compilation flags.
</p><p>Two more datatypes make up the rest of the
interface: <code class="code">__mutex</code>, and <code class="code">__scoped_lock</code>.
</p><p>
</p><p>The scoped lock idiom is well-discussed within the C++
community. This version takes a <code class="code">__mutex</code> reference, and
locks it during construction of <code class="code">__scoped_locke</code> and
unlocks it during destruction. This is an efficient way of locking
critical sections, while retaining exception-safety.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics"></a>Interface to Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>
Two functions and one type form the base of atomic support.
</p><p>The type <code class="code">_Atomic_word</code> is a signed integral type
supporting atomic operations.
</p><p>
The two functions functions are:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
_Atomic_word
__exchange_and_add_dispatch(volatile _Atomic_word*, int);
void
__atomic_add_dispatch(volatile _Atomic_word*, int);
</pre><p>Both of these functions are declared in the header file
&lt;ext/atomicity.h&gt;, and are in <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
<code class="code">
__exchange_and_add_dispatch
</code>
</p><p>Adds the second argument's value to the first argument. Returns the old value.
</p></li><li><p>
<code class="code">
__atomic_add_dispatch
</code>
</p><p>Adds the second argument's value to the first argument. Has no return value.
</p></li></ul></div><p>
These functions forward to one of several specialized helper
functions, depending on the circumstances. For instance,
</p><p>
<code class="code">
__exchange_and_add_dispatch
</code>
</p><p>
Calls through to either of:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add</code>
</p><p>Multi-thread version. Inlined if compiler-generated builtin atomics
can be used, otherwise resolved at link time to a non-builtin code
sequence.
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add_single</code>
</p><p>Single threaded version. Inlined.</p></li></ul></div><p>However, only <code class="code">__exchange_and_add_dispatch</code>
and <code class="code">__atomic_add_dispatch</code> should be used. These functions
can be used in a portable manner, regardless of the specific
environment. They are carefully designed to provide optimum efficiency
and speed, abstracting out atomic accesses when they are not required
(even on hosts that support compiler intrinsics for atomic
operations.)
</p><p>
In addition, there are two macros
</p><p>
<code class="code">
_GLIBCXX_READ_MEM_BARRIER
</code>
</p><p>
<code class="code">
_GLIBCXX_WRITE_MEM_BARRIER
</code>
</p><p>
Which expand to the appropriate write and read barrier required by the
host hardware and operating system.
</p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_demangling.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt12ch40s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 39. Demangling </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Implementation</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.pbds"></a>Policy Based Data Structures</h2></div></div></div><p>
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/ext/pb_ds/index.html" target="_top">More details here</a>.
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Transforming C++ ABI identifiers (like RTTI symbols) into the
original C++ source identifiers is called
“<span class="quote">demangling.</span>”
</p><p>
If you have read the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/namespaceabi.html" target="_top">source
documentation for <code class="code">namespace abi</code></a> then you are
aware of the cross-vendor C++ ABI in use by GCC. One of the
exposed functions is used for demangling,
<code class="code">abi::__cxa_demangle</code>.
</p><p>
In programs like <span class="command"><strong>c++filt</strong></span>, the linker, and other tools
have the ability to decode C++ ABI names, and now so can you.
</p><p>
(The function itself might use different demanglers, but that's the
whole point of abstract interfaces. If we change the implementation,
you won't notice.)
</p><p>
Probably the only times you'll be interested in demangling at runtime
are when you're seeing <code class="code">typeid</code> strings in RTTI, or when
you're handling the runtime-support exception classes. For example:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;exception&gt;
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;cxxabi.h&gt;
struct empty { };
template &lt;typename T, int N&gt;
struct bar { };
int main()
{
int status;
char *realname;
// exception classes not in &lt;stdexcept&gt;, thrown by the implementation
// instead of the user
std::bad_exception e;
realname = abi::__cxa_demangle(e.what(), 0, 0, &amp;status);
std::cout &lt;&lt; e.what() &lt;&lt; "\t=&gt; " &lt;&lt; realname &lt;&lt; "\t: " &lt;&lt; status &lt;&lt; '\n';
free(realname);
// typeid
bar&lt;empty,17&gt; u;
const std::type_info &amp;ti = typeid(u);
realname = abi::__cxa_demangle(ti.name(), 0, 0, &amp;status);
std::cout &lt;&lt; ti.name() &lt;&lt; "\t=&gt; " &lt;&lt; realname &lt;&lt; "\t: " &lt;&lt; status &lt;&lt; '\n';
free(realname);
return 0;
}
</pre><p>
This prints
</p><pre class="screen">
<code class="computeroutput">
St13bad_exception =&gt; std::bad_exception : 0
3barI5emptyLi17EE =&gt; bar&lt;empty, 17&gt; : 0
</code>
</pre><p>
The demangler interface is described in the source documentation
linked to above. It is actually written in C, so you don't need to
be writing C++ in order to demangle C++. (That also means we have to
use crummy memory management facilities, so don't forget to free()
the returned char array.)
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_io.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 38. Input and Output </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 40. Concurrency</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Extensions allowing <code class="code">filebuf</code>s to be constructed from
"C" types like FILE*s and file descriptors.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived"></a>Derived filebufs</h2></div></div></div><p>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct
<code class="code">std::filebuf</code>s from C stdio types such as
<code class="code">FILE*</code>s and POSIX file descriptors.
Today the recommended way to use stdio types with libstdc++
IOStreams is via the <code class="code">stdio_filebuf</code> class (see below),
but earlier releases provided slightly different mechanisms.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>3.0.x <code class="code">filebuf</code>s have another ctor with this signature:
<code class="code">basic_filebuf(__c_file_type*, ios_base::openmode, int_type);
</code>
This comes in very handy in a number of places, such as
attaching Unix sockets, pipes, and anything else which uses file
descriptors, into the IOStream buffering classes. The three
arguments are as follows:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p><code class="code">__c_file_type* F </code>
// the __c_file_type typedef usually boils down to stdio's FILE
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">ios_base::openmode M </code>
// same as all the other uses of openmode
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">int_type B </code>
// buffer size, defaults to BUFSIZ if not specified
</p></li></ul></div><p>
For those wanting to use file descriptors instead of FILE*'s, I
invite you to contemplate the mysteries of C's <code class="code">fdopen()</code>.
</p></li><li><p>In library snapshot 3.0.95 and later, <code class="code">filebuf</code>s bring
back an old extension: the <code class="code">fd()</code> member function. The
integer returned from this function can be used for whatever file
descriptors can be used for on your platform. Naturally, the
library cannot track what you do on your own with a file descriptor,
so if you perform any I/O directly, don't expect the library to be
aware of it.
</p></li><li><p>Beginning with 3.1, the extra <code class="code">filebuf</code> constructor and
the <code class="code">fd()</code> function were removed from the standard
filebuf. Instead, <code class="code">&lt;ext/stdio_filebuf.h&gt;</code> contains
a derived class called
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/latest-doxygen/class____gnu__cxx_1_1stdio__filebuf.html" target="_top"><code class="code">__gnu_cxx::stdio_filebuf</code></a>.
This class can be constructed from a C <code class="code">FILE*</code> or a file
descriptor, and provides the <code class="code">fd()</code> function.
</p></li></ul></div><p>If you want to access a <code class="code">filebuf</code>'s file descriptor to
implement file locking (e.g. using the <code class="code">fcntl()</code> system
call) then you might be interested in Henry Suter's
<a class="ulink" href="http://suter.home.cern.ch/suter/RWLock.html" target="_top">RWLock</a>
class.
</p><p>
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_demangling.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 37. Iterators </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 39. Demangling</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.iterators"></a>Chapter 37. Iterators</h2></div></div></div><p>24.3.2 describes <code class="code">struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the
original HP STL implementation (the language wasn't rich enough at the
time). For backwards compatibility, base classes are provided which
declare the same nested typedefs:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>input_iterator</p></li><li><p>output_iterator</p></li><li><p>forward_iterator</p></li><li><p>bidirectional_iterator</p></li><li><p>random_access_iterator</p></li></ul></div><p>24.3.4 describes iterator operation <code class="code">distance</code>, which takes
two iterators and returns a result. It is extended by another signature
which takes two iterators and a reference to a result. The result is
modified, and the function returns nothing.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_numerics.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 36. Numerics </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 38. Input and Output</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 36. Numerics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="extensions.html" title="Part XII.  Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_algorithms.html" title="Chapter 35. Algorithms" /><link rel="next" href="ext_iterators.html" title="Chapter 37. Iterators" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 36. Numerics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XII. 
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with the following functions:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
power (x, n);
power (x, n, moniod_operation);</pre><p>Returns, in FORTRAN syntax, "x ** n" where n&gt;=0. In the
case of n == 0, returns the <a class="ulink" href="#ch20" target="_top">identity element</a> for the
monoid operation. The two-argument signature uses multiplication (for
a true "power" implementation), but addition is supported as well.
The operation functor must be associative.
</p><p>The <code class="code">iota</code> function wins the award for Extension With the
Coolest Name. It "assigns sequentially increasing values to a range.
That is, it assigns value to *first, value + 1 to *(first + 1) and so
on." Quoted from SGI documentation.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
void iota(_ForwardIter first, _ForwardIter last, _Tp value);</pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_algorithms.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 35. Algorithms </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 37. Iterators</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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The &lt;functional&gt; header contains many additional functors
and helper functions, extending section 20.3. They are
implemented in the file stl_function.h:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">identity_element</code> for addition and multiplication. *
</p></li><li><p>The functor <code class="code">identity</code>, whose <code class="code">operator()</code>
returns the argument unchanged. *
</p></li><li><p>Composition functors <code class="code">unary_function</code> and
<code class="code">binary_function</code>, and their helpers <code class="code">compose1</code>
and <code class="code">compose2</code>. *
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">select1st</code> and <code class="code">select2nd</code>, to strip pairs. *
</p></li><li><p><code class="code">project1st</code> and <code class="code">project2nd</code>. * </p></li><li><p>A set of functors/functions which always return the same result. They
are <code class="code">constant_void_fun</code>, <code class="code">constant_binary_fun</code>,
<code class="code">constant_unary_fun</code>, <code class="code">constant0</code>,
<code class="code">constant1</code>, and <code class="code">constant2</code>. * </p></li><li><p>The class <code class="code">subtractive_rng</code>. * </p></li><li><p>mem_fun adaptor helpers <code class="code">mem_fun1</code> and
<code class="code">mem_fun1_ref</code> are provided for backwards compatibility. </p></li></ul></div><p>
20.4.1 can use several different allocators; they are described on the
main extensions page.
</p><p>
20.4.3 is extended with a special version of
<code class="code">get_temporary_buffer</code> taking a second argument. The
argument is a pointer, which is ignored, but can be used to specify
the template type (instead of using explicit function template
arguments like the standard version does). That is, in addition to
</p><pre class="programlisting">
get_temporary_buffer&lt;int&gt;(5);
</pre><p>
you can also use
</p><pre class="programlisting">
get_temporary_buffer(5, (int*)0);
</pre><p>
A class <code class="code">temporary_buffer</code> is given in stl_tempbuf.h. *
</p><p>
The specialized algorithms of section 20.4.4 are extended with
<code class="code">uninitialized_copy_n</code>. *
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt12ch33s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="extensions.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Deprecated HP/SGI </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 35. Algorithms</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="localization.html" title="Part VI.  Localization" /><link rel="prev" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /><link rel="next" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="locales.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part VI. 
Localization
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.localization.facet"></a>Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.ctype"></a>ctype</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.impl"></a>Implementation</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="id548984"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>
For the required specialization codecvt&lt;wchar_t, char, mbstate_t&gt; ,
conversions are made between the internal character set (always UCS4
on GNU/Linux) and whatever the currently selected locale for the
LC_CTYPE category implements.
</p><p>
The two required specializations are implemented as follows:
</p><p>
<code class="code">
ctype&lt;char&gt;
</code>
</p><p>
This is simple specialization. Implementing this was a piece of cake.
</p><p>
<code class="code">
ctype&lt;wchar_t&gt;
</code>
</p><p>
This specialization, by specifying all the template parameters, pretty
much ties the hands of implementors. As such, the implementation is
straightforward, involving mcsrtombs for the conversions between char
to wchar_t and wcsrtombs for conversions between wchar_t and char.
</p><p>
Neither of these two required specializations deals with Unicode
characters.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.future"></a>Future</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
How to deal with the global locale issue?
</p></li><li><p>
How to deal with different types than char, wchar_t? </p></li><li><p>
Overlap between codecvt/ctype: narrow/widen
</p></li><li><p>
Mask typedef in codecvt_base, argument types in codecvt. what
is know about this type?
</p></li><li><p>
Why mask* argument in codecvt?
</p></li><li><p>
Can this be made (more) generic? is there a simple way to
straighten out the configure-time mess that is a by-product of
this class?
</p></li><li><p>
Get the ctype&lt;wchar_t&gt;::mask stuff under control. Need to
make some kind of static table, and not do lookup every time
somebody hits the do_is... functions. Too bad we can't just
redefine mask for ctype&lt;wchar_t&gt;
</p></li><li><p>
Rename abstract base class. See if just smash-overriding is a
better approach. Clarify, add sanity to naming.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.ctype.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id494777"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling and 7 Locales and Internationalization. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id504846"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id501352"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id501370"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id480120"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id480148"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id472803"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley Longman
. </span></span></p></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="locales.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="localization.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="codecvt.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 14. Locales </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> codecvt</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI.  Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="stringstreams.html" title="Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html" title="Binary Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 27. File Based Streams</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI. 
Input and Output
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.filestreams"></a>Chapter 27. File Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fstreams.html#manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file">Copying a File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch27s03.html">More Binary Input and Output</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.filestreams.copying_a_file"></a>Copying a File</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>So you want to copy a file quickly and easily, and most important,
completely portably. And since this is C++, you have an open
ifstream (call it IN) and an open ofstream (call it OUT):
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;fstream&gt;
std::ifstream IN ("input_file");
std::ofstream OUT ("output_file"); </pre><p>Here's the easiest way to get it completely wrong:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
OUT &lt;&lt; IN;</pre><p>For those of you who don't already know why this doesn't work
(probably from having done it before), I invite you to quickly
create a simple text file called "input_file" containing
the sentence
</p><pre class="programlisting">
The quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog.</pre><p>surrounded by blank lines. Code it up and try it. The contents
of "output_file" may surprise you.
</p><p>Seriously, go do it. Get surprised, then come back. It's worth it.
</p><p>The thing to remember is that the <code class="code">basic_[io]stream</code> classes
handle formatting, nothing else. In particular, they break up on
whitespace. The actual reading, writing, and storing of data is
handled by the <code class="code">basic_streambuf</code> family. Fortunately, the
<code class="code">operator&lt;&lt;</code> is overloaded to take an ostream and
a pointer-to-streambuf, in order to help with just this kind of
"dump the data verbatim" situation.
</p><p>Why a <span class="emphasis"><em>pointer</em></span> to streambuf and not just a streambuf? Well,
the [io]streams hold pointers (or references, depending on the
implementation) to their buffers, not the actual
buffers. This allows polymorphic behavior on the part of the buffers
as well as the streams themselves. The pointer is easily retrieved
using the <code class="code">rdbuf()</code> member function. Therefore, the easiest
way to copy the file is:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
OUT &lt;&lt; IN.rdbuf();</pre><p>So what <span class="emphasis"><em>was</em></span> happening with OUT&lt;&lt;IN? Undefined
behavior, since that particular &lt;&lt; isn't defined by the Standard.
I have seen instances where it is implemented, but the character
extraction process removes all the whitespace, leaving you with no
blank lines and only "Thequickbrownfox...". With
libraries that do not define that operator, IN (or one of IN's
member pointers) sometimes gets converted to a void*, and the output
file then contains a perfect text representation of a hexadecimal
address (quite a big surprise). Others don't compile at all.
</p><p>Also note that none of this is specific to o<span class="emphasis"><em>*f*</em></span>streams.
The operators shown above are all defined in the parent
basic_ostream class and are therefore available with all possible
descendants.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="stringstreams.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch27s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Binary Input and Output</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 9. Functors</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV.  Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV.  Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="pairs.html" title="Chapter 10. Pairs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 9. Functors</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV. 
Utilities
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pairs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.functors"></a>Chapter 9. Functors</h2></div></div></div><p>If you don't know what functors are, you're not alone. Many people
get slightly the wrong idea. In the interest of not reinventing
the wheel, we will refer you to the introduction to the functor
concept written by SGI as part of their STL, in
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/functors.html" target="_top">their
http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/functors.html</a>.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="pairs.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part IV. 
Utilities
 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 10. Pairs</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Support
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.types"></a>Chapter 4. Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.support.types.fundamental"></a>Fundamental Types</h2></div></div></div><p>
C++ has the following builtin types:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>
char
</p></li><li><p>
signed char
</p></li><li><p>
unsigned char
</p></li><li><p>
signed short
</p></li><li><p>
signed int
</p></li><li><p>
signed long
</p></li><li><p>
unsigned short
</p></li><li><p>
unsigned int
</p></li><li><p>
unsigned long
</p></li><li><p>
bool
</p></li><li><p>
wchar_t
</p></li><li><p>
float
</p></li><li><p>
double
</p></li><li><p>
long double
</p></li></ul></div><p>
These fundamental types are always available, without having to
include a header file. These types are exactly the same in
either C++ or in C.
</p><p>
Specializing parts of the library on these types is prohibited:
instead, use a POD.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="support.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top"> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Numeric Properties</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X.  Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="complex.html" title="Chapter 21. Complex" /><link rel="next" href="numerics_and_c.html" title="Chapter 23. Interacting with C" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 22. Generalized Operations</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="complex.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X. 
Numerics
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</p><p>There are four generalized functions in the &lt;numeric&gt; header
that follow the same conventions as those in &lt;algorithm&gt;. Each
of them is overloaded: one signature for common default operations,
and a second for fully general operations. Their names are
self-explanatory to anyone who works with numerics on a regular basis:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p><code class="code">accumulate</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">inner_product</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">partial_sum</code></p></li><li><p><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Here is a simple example of the two forms of <code class="code">accumulate</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
int ar[50];
int someval = somefunction();
// ...initialize members of ar to something...
int sum = std::accumulate(ar,ar+50,0);
int sum_stuff = std::accumulate(ar,ar+50,someval);
int product = std::accumulate(ar,ar+50,1,std::multiplies&lt;int&gt;());
</pre><p>The first call adds all the members of the array, using zero as an
initial value for <code class="code">sum</code>. The second does the same, but uses
<code class="code">someval</code> as the starting value (thus, <code class="code">sum_stuff == sum +
someval</code>). The final call uses the second of the two signatures,
and multiplies all the members of the array; here we must obviously
use 1 as a starting value instead of 0.
</p><p>The other three functions have similar dual-signature forms.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="complex.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="numerics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 21. Complex </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 23. Interacting with C</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/internals.html
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</p><p>This document explains how to port libstdc++ (the GNU C++ library) to
a new target.
</p><p>In order to make the GNU C++ library (libstdc++) work with a new
......@@ -365,4 +368,7 @@ do this is to build the library using <code class="code">gcc -shared</code>.
<code class="code">ltcf-c.sh</code> in the top-level directory. Find the switch statement
that sets <code class="code">archive_cmds</code>. Here, adjust the setting for your
operating system.
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/io.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI.  Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="io.html" title="Part XI.  Input and Output" /><link rel="next" href="streambufs.html" title="Chapter 25. Stream Buffers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="io.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI. 
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="streambufs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.objects"></a>Chapter 24. Iostream Objects</h2></div></div></div><p>To minimize the time you have to wait on the compiler, it's good to
only include the headers you really need. Many people simply include
&lt;iostream&gt; when they don't need to -- and that can <span class="emphasis"><em>penalize
your runtime as well.</em></span> Here are some tips on which header to use
for which situations, starting with the simplest.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;iosfwd&gt;</em></span> should be included whenever you simply
need the <span class="emphasis"><em>name</em></span> of an I/O-related class, such as
"ofstream" or "basic_streambuf". Like the name
implies, these are forward declarations. (A word to all you fellow
old school programmers: trying to forward declare classes like
"class istream;" won't work. Look in the iosfwd header if
you'd like to know why.) For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;iosfwd&gt;
class MyClass
{
....
std::ifstream&amp; input_file;
};
extern std::ostream&amp; operator&lt;&lt; (std::ostream&amp;, MyClass&amp;);
</pre><p><span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;ios&gt;</em></span> declares the base classes for the entire
I/O stream hierarchy, std::ios_base and std::basic_ios&lt;charT&gt;, the
counting types std::streamoff and std::streamsize, the file
positioning type std::fpos, and the various manipulators like
std::hex, std::fixed, std::noshowbase, and so forth.
</p><p>The ios_base class is what holds the format flags, the state flags,
and the functions which change them (setf(), width(), precision(),
etc). You can also store extra data and register callback functions
through ios_base, but that has been historically underused. Anything
which doesn't depend on the type of characters stored is consolidated
here.
</p><p>The template class basic_ios is the highest template class in the
hierarchy; it is the first one depending on the character type, and
holds all general state associated with that type: the pointer to the
polymorphic stream buffer, the facet information, etc.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;streambuf&gt;</em></span> declares the template class
basic_streambuf, and two standard instantiations, streambuf and
wstreambuf. If you need to work with the vastly useful and capable
stream buffer classes, e.g., to create a new form of storage
transport, this header is the one to include.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;istream&gt;</em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;ostream&gt;</em></span> are
the headers to include when you are using the &gt;&gt;/&lt;&lt;
interface, or any of the other abstract stream formatting functions.
For example,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;istream&gt;
std::ostream&amp; operator&lt;&lt; (std::ostream&amp; os, MyClass&amp; c)
{
return os &lt;&lt; c.data1() &lt;&lt; c.data2();
}
</pre><p>The std::istream and std::ostream classes are the abstract parents of
the various concrete implementations. If you are only using the
interfaces, then you only need to use the appropriate interface header.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;iomanip&gt;</em></span> provides "extractors and inserters
that alter information maintained by class ios_base and its derived
classes," such as std::setprecision and std::setw. If you need
to write expressions like <code class="code">os &lt;&lt; setw(3);</code> or
<code class="code">is &gt;&gt; setbase(8);</code>, you must include &lt;iomanip&gt;.
</p><p><span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;sstream&gt;</em></span>/<span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;fstream&gt;</em></span>
declare the six stringstream and fstream classes. As they are the
standard concrete descendants of istream and ostream, you will already
know about them.
</p><p>Finally, <span class="emphasis"><em>&lt;iostream&gt;</em></span> provides the eight standard
global objects (cin, cout, etc). To do this correctly, this header
also provides the contents of the &lt;istream&gt; and &lt;ostream&gt;
headers, but nothing else. The contents of this header look like
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;ostream&gt;
#include &lt;istream&gt;
namespace std
{
extern istream cin;
extern ostream cout;
....
// this is explained below
<span class="emphasis"><em>static ios_base::Init __foo;</em></span> // not its real name
}
</pre><p>Now, the runtime penalty mentioned previously: the global objects
must be initialized before any of your own code uses them; this is
guaranteed by the standard. Like any other global object, they must
be initialized once and only once. This is typically done with a
construct like the one above, and the nested class ios_base::Init is
specified in the standard for just this reason.
</p><p>How does it work? Because the header is included before any of your
code, the <span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span> object is constructed before any of
your objects. (Global objects are built in the order in which they
are declared, and destroyed in reverse order.) The first time the
constructor runs, the eight stream objects are set up.
</p><p>The <code class="code">static</code> keyword means that each object file compiled
from a source file containing &lt;iostream&gt; will have its own
private copy of <span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span>. There is no specified order
of construction across object files (it's one of those pesky NP
problems that make life so interesting), so one copy in each object
file means that the stream objects are guaranteed to be set up before
any of your code which uses them could run, thereby meeting the
requirements of the standard.
</p><p>The penalty, of course, is that after the first copy of
<span class="emphasis"><em>__foo</em></span> is constructed, all the others are just wasted
processor time. The time spent is merely for an increment-and-test
inside a function call, but over several dozen or hundreds of object
files, that time can add up. (It's not in a tight loop, either.)
</p><p>The lesson? Only include &lt;iostream&gt; when you need to use one of
the standard objects in that source file; you'll pay less startup
time. Only include the header files you need to in general; your
compile times will go down when there's less parsing work to do.
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VIII. Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VIII. Iterators</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators"></a>Part VIII. Iterators</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt07ch17s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 19. Predefined</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VIII.  Iterators</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bitset.html" title="bitset" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt08ch19.html" title="Chapter 19. Predefined" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VIII. 
Iterators
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.iterators"></a>Part VIII. 
Iterators
<a id="id547017" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html">19. Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt08ch19s02.html">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bitset.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt08ch19.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">bitset </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 19. Predefined</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/license.html 0 → 100644
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>License</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="next" href="bugs.html" title="Bugs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">License</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="status.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bugs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.license"></a>License</h2></div></div></div><p>
There are two licenses affecting GNU libstdc++: one for the code,
and one for the documentation.
</p><p>
There is a license section in the FAQ regarding common <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.license" title="License">questions</a>. If you have more
questions, ask the FSF or the <a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/lists.html" target="_top">gcc mailing list</a>.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.gpl"></a>The Code: GPL</h3></div></div></div><p>
The source code is distributed under the <a class="link" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D.  GNU General Public License version 3">GNU General Public License version 3</a>,
with the addition under section 7 of an exception described in
the “<span class="quote">GCC Runtime Library Exception, version 3.1</span>”
as follows (or see the file COPYING.RUNTIME):
</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
GCC RUNTIME LIBRARY EXCEPTION<br />
<br />
Version 3.1, 31 March 2009<br />
<br />
Copyright (C) 2009 <a class="ulink" href="http://fsf.org" target="_top">Free Software Foundation, Inc.</a><br />
<br />
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this<br />
license document, but changing it is not allowed.<br />
<br />
This GCC Runtime Library Exception ("Exception") is an additional<br />
permission under section 7 of the GNU General Public License, version<br />
3 ("GPLv3"). It applies to a given file (the "Runtime Library") that<br />
bears a notice placed by the copyright holder of the file stating that<br />
the file is governed by GPLv3 along with this Exception.<br />
<br />
When you use GCC to compile a program, GCC may combine portions of<br />
certain GCC header files and runtime libraries with the compiled<br />
program. The purpose of this Exception is to allow compilation of<br />
non-GPL (including proprietary) programs to use, in this way, the<br />
header files and runtime libraries covered by this Exception.<br />
<br />
0. Definitions.<br />
<br />
A file is an "Independent Module" if it either requires the Runtime<br />
Library for execution after a Compilation Process, or makes use of an<br />
interface provided by the Runtime Library, but is not otherwise based<br />
on the Runtime Library.<br />
<br />
"GCC" means a version of the GNU Compiler Collection, with or without<br />
modifications, governed by version 3 (or a specified later version) of<br />
the GNU General Public License (GPL) with the option of using any<br />
subsequent versions published by the FSF.<br />
<br />
"GPL-compatible Software" is software whose conditions of propagation,<br />
modification and use would permit combination with GCC in accord with<br />
the license of GCC.<br />
<br />
"Target Code" refers to output from any compiler for a real or virtual<br />
target processor architecture, in executable form or suitable for<br />
input to an assembler, loader, linker and/or execution<br />
phase. Notwithstanding that, Target Code does not include data in any<br />
format that is used as a compiler intermediate representation, or used<br />
for producing a compiler intermediate representation.<br />
<br />
The "Compilation Process" transforms code entirely represented in<br />
non-intermediate languages designed for human-written code, and/or in<br />
Java Virtual Machine byte code, into Target Code. Thus, for example,<br />
use of source code generators and preprocessors need not be considered<br />
part of the Compilation Process, since the Compilation Process can be<br />
understood as starting with the output of the generators or<br />
preprocessors.<br />
<br />
A Compilation Process is "Eligible" if it is done using GCC, alone or<br />
with other GPL-compatible software, or if it is done without using any<br />
work based on GCC. For example, using non-GPL-compatible Software to<br />
optimize any GCC intermediate representations would not qualify as an<br />
Eligible Compilation Process.<br />
<br />
1. Grant of Additional Permission.<br />
<br />
You have permission to propagate a work of Target Code formed by<br />
combining the Runtime Library with Independent Modules, even if such<br />
propagation would otherwise violate the terms of GPLv3, provided that<br />
all Target Code was generated by Eligible Compilation Processes. You<br />
may then convey such a combination under terms of your choice,<br />
consistent with the licensing of the Independent Modules.<br />
<br />
2. No Weakening of GCC Copyleft.<br />
<br />
The availability of this Exception does not imply any general<br />
presumption that third-party software is unaffected by the copyleft<br />
requirements of the license of GCC.<br />
    </p></div><p>
Hopefully that text is self-explanatory. If it isn't, you need to speak
to your lawyer, or the Free Software Foundation.
</p></div><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.fdl"></a>The Documentation: GPL, FDL</h3></div></div></div><p>
The documentation shipped with the library and made available over
the web, excluding the pages generated from source comments, are
copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, and placed under the
<a class="link" href="appendix_gfdl.html" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License"> GNU Free Documentation
License version 1.2</a>. There are no Front-Cover Texts, no
Back-Cover Texts, and no Invariant Sections.
</p><p>
For documentation generated by doxygen or other automated tools
via processing source code comments and markup, the original source
code license applies to the generated files. Thus, the doxygen
documents are licensed <a class="link" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D.  GNU General Public License version 3">GPL</a>.
</p><p>
If you plan on making copies of the documentation, please let us know.
We can probably offer suggestions.
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VI. Localization</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html" title="CString (MFC)" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt06ch14.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VI. Localization</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt06ch14.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.localization"></a>Part VI. Localization</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch14.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="bk01pt06ch15.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt06ch14.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CString (MFC) </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 14. Locales</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part VI.  Localization</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html" title="CString (MFC)" /><link rel="next" href="locales.html" title="Chapter 14. Locales" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part VI. 
Localization
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Localization
<a id="id489694" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="locales.html">14. Locales</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="locales.html#manual.localization.locales.locale">locale</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="locales.html#locales.locale.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="facets.html">15. Facets aka Categories</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="facets.html#manual.localization.facet.ctype">ctype</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="facets.html#facet.ctype.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="codecvt.html">codecvt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="codecvt.html#facet.codecvt.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="messages.html">messages</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.req">Requirements</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.design">Design</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.impl">Implementation</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.use">Use</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="messages.html#facet.messages.future">Future</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="locales.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">CString (MFC) </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 14. Locales</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/make.html 0 → 100644
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<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">GCC Installation
Instructions</a> first. Read <span class="emphasis"><em>all of them</em></span>.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Twice.</em></span>
</p><p>Then type:<span class="command"><strong>make</strong></span>, and congratulations, you're
started to build.
</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="configure.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="setup.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="test.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Configure </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Test</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>messages</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; messages&#10; " /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="facets.html" title="Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories" /><link rel="prev" href="codecvt.html" title="codecvt" /><link rel="next" href="containers.html" title="Part VII.  Containers" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">messages</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="codecvt.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 15. Facets aka Categories</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.localization.facet.messages"></a>messages</h2></div></div></div><p>
The std::messages facet implements message retrieval functionality
equivalent to Java's java.text.MessageFormat .using either GNU gettext
or IEEE 1003.1-200 functions.
......@@ -241,41 +241,44 @@ void test01()
model. As of this writing, it is unknown how to query to see
if a specified message catalog exists using the gettext
package.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id536216"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="bibliography"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="facet.messages.biblio"></a>Bibliography</h3></div></div></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id488090"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The GNU C Library
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Roland</span> <span class="surname">McGrath</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2007 FSF. </span><span class="pagenums">Chapters 6 Character Set Handling, and 7 Locales and Internationalization
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id509764"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id498088"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Correspondence
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id561619"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Ulrich</span> <span class="surname">Drepper</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2002 . </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id481034"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Programming languages - C++
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id561638"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1998 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id481053"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Programming languages - C
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id446198"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999 ISO. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id481071"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
System Interface Definitions, Issue 6 (IEEE Std. 1003.1-200x)
</i>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 1999
The Open Group/The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.opennc.org/austin/docreg.html" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id446226"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id498300"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
The C++ Programming Language, Special Edition
</i>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Bjarne</span> <span class="surname">Stroustrup</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley, Inc.. </span><span class="pagenums">Appendix D. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id505472"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id548706"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Standard C++ IOStreams and Locales
</i>. </span><span class="subtitle">
Advanced Programmer's Guide and Reference
. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Angelika</span> <span class="surname">Langer</span>. </span><span class="author"><span class="firstname">Klaus</span> <span class="surname">Kreft</span>. </span><span class="copyright">Copyright © 2000 Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.. </span><span class="publisher"><span class="publishername">
Addison Wesley Longman
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id452552"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id476770"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition, v 1.3.1 API Specification
</i>. </span><span class="pagenums">java.util.Properties, java.text.MessageFormat,
java.util.Locale, java.util.ResourceBundle. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.3/docs/api" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id531697"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
. </span></p></div><div class="biblioentry"><a id="id476791"></a><p><span class="title"><i>
GNU gettext tools, version 0.10.38, Native Language Support
Library and Tools.
</i>. </span><span class="biblioid">
<a class="ulink" href="http://sources.redhat.com/gettext" target="_top">
</a>
. </span></p></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="codecvt.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt06ch15.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">codecvt </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part VII. Containers</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Numerics
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Numerics
<a id="id502291" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="complex.html">21. Complex</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="complex.html#numerics.complex.processing">complex Processing</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">22. Generalized Operations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="numerics_and_c.html">23. Interacting with C</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt09ch20.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="complex.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 20. Mutating </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 21. Complex</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 23. Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Part X.  Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html" title="Chapter 22. Generalized Operations" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html" title="C99" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 23. Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part X. 
Numerics
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.numerics.c"></a>Chapter 23. Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="numerics_and_c.html#numerics.c.array">Numerics vs. Arrays</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">C99</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="numerics.c.array"></a>Numerics vs. Arrays</h2></div></div></div><p>One of the major reasons why FORTRAN can chew through numbers so well
is that it is defined to be free of pointer aliasing, an assumption
that C89 is not allowed to make, and neither is C++98. C99 adds a new
keyword, <code class="code">restrict</code>, to apply to individual pointers. The
C++ solution is contained in the library rather than the language
(although many vendors can be expected to add this to their compilers
as an extension).
</p><p>That library solution is a set of two classes, five template classes,
and "a whole bunch" of functions. The classes are required
to be free of pointer aliasing, so compilers can optimize the
daylights out of them the same way that they have been for FORTRAN.
They are collectively called <code class="code">valarray</code>, although strictly
speaking this is only one of the five template classes, and they are
designed to be familiar to people who have worked with the BLAS
libraries before.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="numerics.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt10ch23s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 22. Generalized Operations </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> C99</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 10. Pairs</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Part IV.  Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="functors.html" title="Chapter 9. Functors" /><link rel="next" href="memory.html" title="Chapter 11. Memory" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 10. Pairs</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functors.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV. 
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.util.pairs"></a>Chapter 10. Pairs</h2></div></div></div><p>The <code class="code">pair&lt;T1,T2&gt;</code> is a simple and handy way to
carry around a pair of objects. One is of type T1, and another of
type T2; they may be the same type, but you don't get anything
extra if they are. The two members can be accessed directly, as
<code class="code">.first</code> and <code class="code">.second</code>.
</p><p>Construction is simple. The default ctor initializes each member
with its respective default ctor. The other simple ctor,
</p><pre class="programlisting">
pair (const T1&amp; x, const T2&amp; y);
</pre><p>does what you think it does, <code class="code">first</code> getting <code class="code">x</code>
and <code class="code">second</code> getting <code class="code">y</code>.
</p><p>There is a copy constructor, but it requires that your compiler
handle member function templates:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
template &lt;class U, class V&gt; pair (const pair&lt;U,V&gt;&amp; p);
</pre><p>The compiler will convert as necessary from U to T1 and from
V to T2 in order to perform the respective initializations.
</p><p>The comparison operators are done for you. Equality
of two <code class="code">pair&lt;T1,T2&gt;</code>s is defined as both <code class="code">first</code>
members comparing equal and both <code class="code">second</code> members comparing
equal; this simply delegates responsibility to the respective
<code class="code">operator==</code> functions (for types like MyClass) or builtin
comparisons (for types like int, char, etc).
</p><p>
The less-than operator is a bit odd the first time you see it. It
is defined as evaluating to:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
x.first &lt; y.first ||
( !(y.first &lt; x.first) &amp;&amp; x.second &lt; y.second )
</pre><p>The other operators are not defined using the <code class="code">rel_ops</code>
functions above, but their semantics are the same.
</p><p>Finally, there is a template function called <code class="function">make_pair</code>
that takes two references-to-const objects and returns an
instance of a pair instantiated on their respective types:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
pair&lt;int,MyClass&gt; p = make_pair(4,myobject);
</pre></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="functors.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 9. Functors </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 11. Memory</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Containers
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Yes it is, and that's okay. This is a decision that we preserved
when we imported SGI's STL implementation. The following is
quoted from <a class="ulink" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/FAQ.html" target="_top">their FAQ</a>:
</p><div class="blockquote"><blockquote class="blockquote"><p>
The size() member function, for list and slist, takes time
proportional to the number of elements in the list. This was a
deliberate tradeoff. The only way to get a constant-time
size() for linked lists would be to maintain an extra member
variable containing the list's size. This would require taking
extra time to update that variable (it would make splice() a
linear time operation, for example), and it would also make the
list larger. Many list algorithms don't require that extra
word (algorithms that do require it might do better with
vectors than with lists), and, when it is necessary to maintain
an explicit size count, it's something that users can do
themselves.
</p><p>
This choice is permitted by the C++ standard. The standard says
that size() “<span class="quote">should</span>” be constant time, and
“<span class="quote">should</span>” does not mean the same thing as
“<span class="quote">shall</span>”. This is the officially recommended ISO
wording for saying that an implementation is supposed to do
something unless there is a good reason not to.
</p><p>
One implication of linear time size(): you should never write
</p><pre class="programlisting">
if (L.size() == 0)
...
</pre><p>
Instead, you should write
</p><pre class="programlisting">
if (L.empty())
...
</pre></blockquote></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="containers.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="vector.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Part VII. 
Containers
 </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> vector</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 2. Setup</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Part I.  Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="bugs.html" title="Bugs" /><link rel="next" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bugs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I. 
Introduction
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.setup"></a>Chapter 2. Setup</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="test.html">Test</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.organization">Organization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.run">Running the Testsuite</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.new_tests">Writing a new test case</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="test.html#test.harness">Test Harness and Utilities</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>To transform libstdc++ sources into installed include files
and properly built binaries useful for linking to other software is
a multi-step process. Steps include getting the sources,
configuring and building the sources, testing, and installation.
</p><p>The general outline of commands is something like:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
<span class="emphasis"><em>get gcc sources</em></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>extract into gccsrcdir</em></span>
mkdir <span class="emphasis"><em>gccbuilddir</em></span>
cd <span class="emphasis"><em>gccbuilddir</em></span>
<span class="emphasis"><em>gccsrcdir</em></span>/configure --prefix=<span class="emphasis"><em>destdir</em></span> --other-opts...
make
make check
make install
</pre><p>
Each step is described in more detail in the following sections.
</p><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h2></div></div></div><p>
Because libstdc++ is part of GCC, the primary source for
installation instructions is
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">the GCC install page</a>.
In particular, list of prerequisite software needed to build the library
<a class="ulink" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/prerequisites.html" target="_top">
starts with those requirements.</a> The same pages also list
the tools you will need if you wish to modify the source.
</p><p>
Additional data is given here only where it applies to libstdc++.
</p><p>As of GCC 4.0.1 the minimum version of binutils required to build
libstdc++ is <code class="code">2.15.90.0.1.1</code>. You can get snapshots
(as well as releases) of binutils from
<a class="ulink" href="ftp://sources.redhat.com/pub/binutils" target="_top">
ftp://sources.redhat.com/pub/binutils</a>.
Older releases of libstdc++ do not require such a recent version,
but to take full advantage of useful space-saving features and
bug-fixes you should use a recent binutils whenever possible.
The configure process will automatically detect and use these
features if the underlying support is present.
</p><p>
Finally, a few system-specific requirements:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">linux</span></dt><dd><p>
If gcc 3.1.0 or later on is being used on linux, an attempt
will be made to use "C" library functionality necessary for
C++ named locale support. For gcc 3.2.1 and later, this
means that glibc 2.2.5 or later is required and the "C"
library de_DE locale information must be installed.
</p><p>
Note however that the sanity checks involving the de_DE
locale are skipped when an explicit --enable-clocale=gnu
configure option is used: only the basic checks are carried
out, defending against misconfigurations.
</p><p>
If the 'gnu' locale model is being used, the following
locales are used and tested in the libstdc++ testsuites.
The first column is the name of the locale, the second is
the character set it is expected to use.
</p><pre class="programlisting">
de_DE ISO-8859-1
de_DE@euro ISO-8859-15
en_HK ISO-8859-1
en_PH ISO-8859-1
en_US ISO-8859-1
en_US.ISO-8859-1 ISO-8859-1
en_US.ISO-8859-15 ISO-8859-15
en_US.UTF-8 UTF-8
es_ES ISO-8859-1
es_MX ISO-8859-1
fr_FR ISO-8859-1
fr_FR@euro ISO-8859-15
is_IS UTF-8
it_IT ISO-8859-1
ja_JP.eucjp EUC-JP
se_NO.UTF-8 UTF-8
ta_IN UTF-8
zh_TW BIG5
</pre><p>Failure to have the underlying "C" library locale
information installed will mean that C++ named locales for the
above regions will not work: because of this, the libstdc++
testsuite will skip the named locale tests. If this isn't an
issue, don't worry about it. If named locales are needed, the
underlying locale information must be installed. Note that
rebuilding libstdc++ after the "C" locales are installed is not
necessary.
</p><p>
To install support for locales, do only one of the following:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="disc"><li><p>install all locales</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>with RedHat Linux:
</p><p> <code class="code"> export LC_ALL=C </code>
</p><p> <code class="code"> rpm -e glibc-common --nodeps </code>
</p><p>
<code class="code"> rpm -i --define "_install_langs all"
glibc-common-2.2.5-34.i386.rpm
</code>
</p></li><li><p>
Instructions for other operating systems solicited.
</p></li></ul></div></li><li><p>install just the necessary locales</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>with Debian Linux:</p><p> Add the above list, as shown, to the file
<code class="code">/etc/locale.gen</code> </p><p> run <code class="code">/usr/sbin/locale-gen</code> </p></li><li><p>on most Unix-like operating systems:</p><p><code class="code"> localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE </code></p><p>(repeat for each entry in the above list) </p></li><li><p>
Instructions for other operating systems solicited.
</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bugs.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="intro.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Bugs </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Configure</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Directory Layout and Source Conventions</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /><link rel="next" href="source_code_style.html" title="Coding Style" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_contributing.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A. 
Contributing
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_code_style.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.organization"></a>Directory Layout and Source Conventions</h2></div></div></div><p>
The unpacked source directory of libstdc++ contains the files
needed to create the GNU C++ Library.
</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
It has subdirectories:<br />
<br />
  doc<br />
    Files in HTML and text format that document usage, quirks of the<br />
    implementation, and contributor checklists.<br />
<br />
  include<br />
    All header files for the C++ library are within this directory,<br />
    modulo specific runtime-related files that are in the libsupc++<br />
    directory.<br />
<br />
    include/std<br />
      Files meant to be found by #include &lt;name&gt; directives in<br />
      standard-conforming user programs.  <br />
<br />
    include/c<br />
      Headers intended to directly include standard C headers. <br />
      [NB: this can be enabled via --enable-cheaders=c]<br />
<br />
    include/c_global <br />
      Headers intended to include standard C headers in<br />
      the global namespace, and put select names into the std::<br />
      namespace.  [NB: this is the default, and is the same as<br />
      --enable-cheaders=c_global]<br />
<br />
    include/c_std <br />
      Headers intended to include standard C headers<br />
      already in namespace std, and put select names into the std::<br />
      namespace.  [NB: this is the same as --enable-cheaders=c_std]<br />
<br />
    include/bits<br />
      Files included by standard headers and by other files in<br />
      the bits directory. <br />
<br />
    include/backward<br />
      Headers provided for backward compatibility, such as &lt;iostream.h&gt;.<br />
      They are not used in this library.<br />
<br />
    include/ext<br />
      Headers that define extensions to the standard library.  No<br />
      standard header refers to any of them.<br />
<br />
  scripts<br />
    Scripts that are used during the configure, build, make, or test<br />
    process.<br />
<br />
  src<br />
    Files that are used in constructing the library, but are not<br />
    installed.<br />
<br />
  testsuites/[backward, demangle, ext, performance, thread, 17_* to 27_*]<br />
    Test programs are here, and may be used to begin to exercise the <br />
    library.  Support for "make check" and "make check-install" is<br />
    complete, and runs through all the subdirectories here when this<br />
    command is issued from the build directory.  Please note that<br />
    "make check" requires DejaGNU 1.4 or later to be installed.  Please<br />
    note that "make check-script" calls the script mkcheck, which<br />
    requires bash, and which may need the paths to bash adjusted to<br />
    work properly, as /bin/bash is assumed.<br />
<br />
Other subdirectories contain variant versions of certain files<br />
that are meant to be copied or linked by the configure script.<br />
Currently these are:<br />
<br />
  config/abi<br />
  config/cpu<br />
  config/io<br />
  config/locale<br />
  config/os<br />
<br />
In addition, a subdirectory holds the convenience library libsupc++.<br />
<br />
  libsupc++<br />
    Contains the runtime library for C++, including exception<br />
    handling and memory allocation and deallocation, RTTI, terminate<br />
    handlers, etc.<br />
<br />
Note that glibc also has a bits/ subdirectory.  We will either<br />
need to be careful not to collide with names in its bits/<br />
directory; or rename bits to (e.g.) cppbits/.<br />
<br />
In files throughout the system, lines marked with an "XXX" indicate<br />
a bug or incompletely-implemented feature.  Lines marked "XXX MT"<br />
indicate a place that may require attention for multi-thread safety.<br />
  </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_contributing.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="appendix_contributing.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_code_style.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Appendix A. 
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="io.html" title="Part XI.  Input and Output" /><link rel="prev" href="iostream_objects.html" title="Chapter 24. Iostream Objects" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html" title="Buffering" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iostream_objects.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part XI. 
Input and Output
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.streambufs"></a>Chapter 25. Stream Buffers</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="streambufs.html#io.streambuf.derived">Derived streambuf Classes</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Buffering</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="io.streambuf.derived"></a>Derived streambuf Classes</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>Creating your own stream buffers for I/O can be remarkably easy.
If you are interested in doing so, we highly recommend two very
excellent books:
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.langer.camelot.de/iostreams.html" target="_top">Standard C++
IOStreams and Locales</a> by Langer and Kreft, ISBN 0-201-18395-1, and
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.josuttis.com/libbook/" target="_top">The C++ Standard Library</a>
by Nicolai Josuttis, ISBN 0-201-37926-0. Both are published by
Addison-Wesley, who isn't paying us a cent for saying that, honest.
</p><p>Here is a simple example, io/outbuf1, from the Josuttis text. It
transforms everything sent through it to uppercase. This version
assumes many things about the nature of the character type being
used (for more information, read the books or the newsgroups):
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;iostream&gt;
#include &lt;streambuf&gt;
#include &lt;locale&gt;
#include &lt;cstdio&gt;
class outbuf : public std::streambuf
{
protected:
/* central output function
* - print characters in uppercase mode
*/
virtual int_type overflow (int_type c) {
if (c != EOF) {
// convert lowercase to uppercase
c = std::toupper(static_cast&lt;char&gt;(c),getloc());
// and write the character to the standard output
if (putchar(c) == EOF) {
return EOF;
}
}
return c;
}
};
int main()
{
// create special output buffer
outbuf ob;
// initialize output stream with that output buffer
std::ostream out(&amp;ob);
out &lt;&lt; "31 hexadecimal: "
&lt;&lt; std::hex &lt;&lt; 31 &lt;&lt; std::endl;
return 0;
}
</pre><p>Try it yourself! More examples can be found in 3.1.x code, in
<code class="code">include/ext/*_filebuf.h</code>, and on
<a class="ulink" href="http://www.informatik.uni-konstanz.de/~kuehl/c++/iostream/" target="_top">Dietmar
Kühl's IOStreams page</a>.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iostream_objects.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 24. Iostream Objects </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Buffering</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part V. Strings</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part V. Strings</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">The GNU C++ Library</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="part" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="manual.strings"></a>Part V. Strings</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">shared_ptr </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 13. String Classes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Part V.  Strings</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.74.0" /><meta name="keywords" content="&#10; ISO C++&#10; , &#10; library&#10; " /><link rel="home" href="../spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library Documentation" /><link rel="up" href="spine.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="prev" href="shared_ptr.html" title="shared_ptr" /><link rel="next" href="bk01pt05ch13.html" title="Chapter 13. String Classes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Part V. 
Strings
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Strings
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</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html">13. String Classes</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13.html#strings.string.simple">Simple Transformations</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s02.html">Case Sensitivity</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s03.html">Arbitrary Character Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s04.html">Tokenizing</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s05.html">Shrink to Fit</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt05ch13s06.html">CString (MFC)</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="shared_ptr.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt05ch13.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">shared_ptr </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 13. String Classes</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Input and Output
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.io.memstreams"></a>Chapter 26. Memory Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="stringstreams.html#manual.io.memstreams.compat">Compatibility With strstream</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.io.memstreams.compat"></a>Compatibility With strstream</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>Stringstreams (defined in the header <code class="code">&lt;sstream&gt;</code>)
are in this author's opinion one of the coolest things since
sliced time. An example of their use is in the Received Wisdom
section for Chapter 21 (Strings),
<a class="ulink" href="../21_strings/howto.html#1.1internal" target="_top"> describing how to
format strings</a>.
</p><p>The quick definition is: they are siblings of ifstream and ofstream,
and they do for <code class="code">std::string</code> what their siblings do for
files. All that work you put into writing <code class="code">&lt;&lt;</code> and
<code class="code">&gt;&gt;</code> functions for your classes now pays off
<span class="emphasis"><em>again!</em></span> Need to format a string before passing the string
to a function? Send your stuff via <code class="code">&lt;&lt;</code> to an
ostringstream. You've read a string as input and need to parse it?
Initialize an istringstream with that string, and then pull pieces
out of it with <code class="code">&gt;&gt;</code>. Have a stringstream and need to
get a copy of the string inside? Just call the <code class="code">str()</code>
member function.
</p><p>This only works if you've written your
<code class="code">&lt;&lt;</code>/<code class="code">&gt;&gt;</code> functions correctly, though,
and correctly means that they take istreams and ostreams as
parameters, not i<span class="emphasis"><em>f</em></span>streams and o<span class="emphasis"><em>f</em></span>streams. If they
take the latter, then your I/O operators will work fine with
file streams, but with nothing else -- including stringstreams.
</p><p>If you are a user of the strstream classes, you need to update
your code. You don't have to explicitly append <code class="code">ends</code> to
terminate the C-style character array, you don't have to mess with
"freezing" functions, and you don't have to manage the
memory yourself. The strstreams have been officially deprecated,
which means that 1) future revisions of the C++ Standard won't
support them, and 2) if you use them, people will laugh at you.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt11ch25s02.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="io.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Buffering </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 27. File Based Streams</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Support
<a id="id485364" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="preface"><a href="bk01pt02pr01.html"></a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="fundamental_types.html">4. Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="fundamental_types.html#manual.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s02.html">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="bk01pt02ch04s03.html">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="dynamic_memory.html">5. Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="chapter"><a href="termination.html">6. Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="verbose_termination.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="spine.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk01pt02pr01.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Debugging Support </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> </td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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Support
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="verbose_termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.support.termination"></a>Chapter 6. Termination</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><b>Table of Contents</b></p><dl><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="verbose_termination.html">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="support.termination.handlers"></a>Termination Handlers</h2></div></div></div><p>
Not many changes here to <code class="filename">cstdlib</code>. You should note that the
<code class="function">abort()</code> function does not call the
destructors of automatic nor static objects, so if you're
depending on those to do cleanup, it isn't going to happen.
(The functions registered with <code class="function">atexit()</code>
don't get called either, so you can forget about that
possibility, too.)
</p><p>
The good old <code class="function">exit()</code> function can be a bit
funky, too, until you look closer. Basically, three points to
remember are:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol type="1"><li><p>
Static objects are destroyed in reverse order of their creation.
</p></li><li><p>
Functions registered with <code class="function">atexit()</code> are called in
reverse order of registration, once per registration call.
(This isn't actually new.)
</p></li><li><p>
The previous two actions are “<span class="quote">interleaved,</span>” that is,
given this pseudocode:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
extern "C or C++" void f1 (void);
extern "C or C++" void f2 (void);
static Thing obj1;
atexit(f1);
static Thing obj2;
atexit(f2);
</pre><p>
then at a call of <code class="function">exit()</code>,
<code class="varname">f2</code> will be called, then
<code class="varname">obj2</code> will be destroyed, then
<code class="varname">f1</code> will be called, and finally
<code class="varname">obj1</code> will be destroyed. If
<code class="varname">f1</code> or <code class="varname">f2</code> allow an
exception to propagate out of them, Bad Things happen.
</p></li></ol></div><p>
Note also that <code class="function">atexit()</code> is only required to store 32
functions, and the compiler/library might already be using some of
those slots. If you think you may run out, we recommend using
the <code class="function">xatexit</code>/<code class="function">xexit</code> combination from <code class="literal">libiberty</code>, which has no such limit.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="dynamic_memory.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="support.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="verbose_termination.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 5. Dynamic Memory </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Verbose Terminate Handler</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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The libstdc++ testsuite includes testing for standard conformance,
regressions, ABI, and performance.
</p><div class="sect2" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="test.organization"></a>Organization</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="test.organization.layout"></a>Directory Layout</h4></div></div></div><p>
......@@ -486,4 +486,4 @@ only default variables.
</p><p>
A number of class abstractions for performance counters, and
reporting functions including:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>time_counter</p></li><li><p>resource_counter</p></li><li><p>report_performance</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk01pt01ch02s03.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="bk01pt01ch02.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Make </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 3. Using</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul type="circle"><li><p>time_counter</p></li><li><p>resource_counter</p></li><li><p>report_performance</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="make.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="setup.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Make </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../spine.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 3. Using</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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