-[LEF/DEF and Bookshelf (OpenDB, RosettaStone) translators](./CodeElements/FormatTranslators/)
-[Grouping](./CodeElements/Grouping/) ensureS that closely-related logic is kept close to hard macros and to clumps of IOs. The clumps of IOs are induced by IO locations with respect to the row and column coordinates in the gridded layout canvas.
-[Hypergraph clustering](./CodeElements/Clustering/) clusters millions of standard cells into a few thousand clusters. In Circuit Training, the purpose of clustering is to generate an approximate but fast standard cell placement that facilitates policy networks.
-[Force-directed placement](./CodeElements/FDPlacement/) places the center of each standard cell cluster onto centers of gridcells generated by [Gridding](./CodeElements/Gridding/).
-[Simulated annealing](./CodeElements/SimulatedAnnealing/) places the center of each macro onto centers of gridcells generated by [Gridding](./CodeElements/Gridding/). In Circuit Training, simulated annealing is used as a baseline to show the relative sample efficiency of RL.
-[LEF/DEF and Bookshelf (OpenDB, RosettaStone) translators](./CodeElements/FormatTranslators/) ease the translation between different representations of the same netlist.