The current way of looking up an entry from a map is tightly coupled with the
map implementation, as one first has to look up the index of the key and then
retrieve the associated value by using the index. As a caller, you usually do
not care about any indices at all, though, so this is more complicated than
really necessary. Furthermore, it invites for errors to happen if the correct
error checking sequence is not being followed.

Introduce new high-level functions `git_idxmap_get` and `git_idxmap_icase_get`
that take a map and a key and return a pointer to the associated value if such a
key exists. Otherwise, a `NULL` pointer is returned. Adjust all callers that can
trivially be converted.