Depending on the operation, we need to consider gitattributes
in both the work dir and the index.  This adds a parameter to
all of the gitattributes related functions that allows user
control of attribute reading behavior (i.e. prefer workdir,
prefer index, only use index).

This fix also covers allowing us to check attributes (and
hence do diff and status) on bare repositories.

This was a somewhat larger change that I hoped because it had
to change the cache key used for gitattributes files.

Conflicts:
	.travis.yml
	include/git2/diff.h
	src/config_file.c
	src/diff.c
	src/diff_output.c
	src/mwindow.c
	src/path.c
	tests-clar/clar_helpers.c
	tests-clar/object/tree/frompath.c
	tests/t00-core.c
	tests/t03-objwrite.c
	tests/t08-tag.c
	tests/t10-refs.c
	tests/t12-repo.c
	tests/t18-status.c
	tests/test_helpers.c
	tests/test_main.c

Since strnlen is not supported on all platforms and since we
now have the shiny new git_text_is_binary in the filtering
code, let's convert diff binary detection to use the new stuff.

To make this code more resilient to future changes, we'll
explicitly translate the libgit2 structure to the libxdiff
structure.

This should restore the ability to include libgit2 headers
in C++ projects.

Cherry picked 2de60205 from
development into new-error-handling.

Conflicts:
	src/refspec.c

remote: don't free transport on disconnect

Currently, git_remote_disconnect not only closes the connection but also
frees the underlying transport object, making it impossible to write
code like

	// fetch stuff
	git_remote_download()

	// close connection
	git_remote_disconnect()

	// call user provided callback for each ref
	git_remote_update_tips(remote, callback)

because remote->refs points to references owned by the transport object.
This means, we have an idling connection while running the callback for
each reference.

Instead, allow immediate disconnect and free the transport later in
git_remote_free().

crlf normalization test coverage

Recognize and report server-side error messages

diff: provide more context to the consumer of the callbacks

When e.g. a repository isn't found, the server sends an error saying
so. Put that error message in our error buffer.

Update the callback to provide some information related to the file change being processed and the range of the hunk, when applicable.

Teach travis how to build the project.

The recent 64-bit Windows fixes changed the return code in
git_pkt_parse_line() so it wouldn't signal a short buffer, breaking
the network code. Bring it back.

Ignore pat leading slash

We were not following the git behavior for leading slashes
in path names when matching git ignores and git attribute
file patterns.  This should fix issue #638.

Memory pools and khash hashtables

This renamed `git_khash_str` to `git_strmap`, `git_hash_oid` to
`git_oidmap`, and deletes `git_hashtable` from the tree, plus
adds unit tests for `git_strmap`.

More Networking updates

This updates khash.h with some extra features (like error checking
on allocations, ability to use wrapped malloc, foreach calls, etc),
creates two high-level wrappers around khash: `git_khash_str` and
`git_khash_oid` for string-to-void-ptr and oid-to-void-ptr tables,
then converts all of the old usage of `git_hashtable` over to use
these new hashtables.

For `git_khash_str`, I've tried to create a set of macros that
yield an API not too unlike the old `git_hashtable` API.  Since
the oid hashtable is only used in one file, I haven't bother to
set up all those macros and just use the khash APIs directly for
now.

Adding a small stash of nodes with key conflicts has been
demonstrated to greatly increase the efficiency of a cuckoo
hashtable.  See:

  http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/73856/stash-full.9-30.pdf

for more details.