Submodule diff tests and fixes

This adds tests for diffs with submodules in them and (perhaps
unsurprisingly) requires further fixes to be made.  Specifically,
this fixes:

- when considering if a submodule is dirty in the workdir, it was
  being treated as dirty even if only the index was dirty.
- git_diff_patch_to_str (and git_diff_patch_print) were "printing"
  the headers for files (and submodules) that were unmodified or
  had no meaningful content.
- added comment to previous fix and removed unneeded parens.

Fix submodule dirty states not showing if submodules comes before files, or there are only dirty submodules but no changed files

GIT_DIFF_PATCH_DIFFABLE was not set, so the diff content was not shown

When submodule is dirty, the hash may be the same, but the length is different because -dirty is appended

We can therefore compare the length or hash

Updated link to Haskell bindings

The old one hasn't been updated in a long time. This one is current.

This test file could probably be improved by a framework like
the one in git.git:t/, or by using a language like Python instead
of shell.

The other examples would benefit from tests too.  Probably best
to settle on a framework to write them in, then add more tests.

Signed-off-by: Greg Price <price@mit.edu>

This demonstrates parts of the interface for specifying revisions that
Git users are familiar with from 'git rev-list', 'git log', and other
Git commands.  A similar query interface is used in out-of-core
command-line programs that browse a Git repo (like 'tig'), and may be
useful for an 'advanced search' interface in GUI or web applications.

In this version, we parse all the query modifiers we can support with
the existing logic in revwalk: basic include/exclude commits, and the
ordering flags.  More logic will be required to support '--grep',
'--author', the pickaxe '-S', etc.

Signed-off-by: Greg Price <price@mit.edu>

All the hard work is already in revparse.

Signed-off-by: Greg Price <price@mit.edu>

Signed-off-by: Greg Price <price@mit.edu>

Fix the general.c example to run against testrepo.git

Fixes #1455

Properly GIT_EXPORT git_reference__alloc

branch: Fix git_branch_create() documentation

Avoid pre-Win7 WinHTTP self-redirect quirk

Signed-off-by: Greg Price <price@mit.edu>

The purported command output was already inaccurate, as the refs
aren't where it shows.  In any event, the labels a reader of this
file really needs are the indices used in commit_sorting_*, to make
it possible to understand them by referring directly from those
arrays to the diagram rather than from the index arrays, to commit_ids,
to the diagram.  Add those.

Signed-off-by: Greg Price <price@mit.edu>

Signed-off-by: Greg Price <price@mit.edu>

Support tags with no tagger nor message

Clean up some memleaks in tests

remove unmerged files during reset hard

opts: allow configuration of odb cache size

Several diff and status fixes

This started out trying to look at the problems from issue #1425
and gradually grew to a broader set of fixes.  There are two core
things fixed here:

1. When you had an ignore like "/bin" which is rooted at the top
   of your tree, instead of immediately adding the "bin/" entry
   as an ignored item in the diff, we were returning all of the
   direct descendants of the directory as ignored items.  This
   changes things to immediately ignore the directory.  Note that
   this effects the behavior in test_status_ignore__subdirectories
   so that we no longer exactly match core gits ignore behavior,
   but the new behavior probably makes more sense (i.e. we now
   will include an ignored directory inside an untracked directory
   that we previously would have left off).
2. When a submodule only contained working directory changes, the
   diff code was always considering it unmodified which was just
   an outright bug. The HEAD SHA of the submodule matches the SHA
   in the parent repo index, and since the SHAs matches, the diff
   code was overwriting the actual status with UNMODIFIED.

These fixes broke existing tests test_diff_workdir__submodules and
test_status_ignore__subdirectories but looking it over, I actually
think the new results are correct and the old results were wrong.
@nulltoken had actually commented on the subdirectory ignore issue
previously.

I also included in the tests some debugging versions of the
shared iteration callback routines that print status or diff
information.  These aren't used actively in the tests, but can be
quickly swapped in to test code to give a better picture of what
is being scanned in some of the complex test scenarios.

This option has been sitting unimplemented for a while, so I
finally went through and implemented it along with some tests.

As part of this, I improved the implementation of
GIT_DIFF_IGNORE_SUBMODULES so it be more diligent about avoiding
extra work and about leaving off delta records for submodules to
the greatest extent possible (though it may include them still
if you are request TYPECHANGE records).

don't stat until the file is written