Test and fix Git diff binary detection compatibility

Windows has its own ftruncate() called _chsize_s().

p_mkstemp() is changed to use p_open() so we can make sure we open for
writing; the addition of exclusive create is a good thing to do
regardless, as we want a temporary path for ourselves.

Lastly, MSVC doesn't quite know how to add two numbers if one of them is a
void pointer, so let's alias it to unsigned char.C

Some OSs cannot keep their ideas about file content straight when mixing
standard IO with file mapping. As we use mmap for reading from the
packfile, let's make writing to the pack file use mmap.

A variety of data patterns for diffs verified to match the
behavior of binary detection with Git on the command line.

Win32: Supply _O_NOINHERIT when calling _wopen

Remote deletion

When we delete a remote, we also need to go through its fetch refspecs
and remove the references they create locally.

pack: init the cache on packfile alloc

Better global search path sandboxing in tests

When running multithreaded, it is not enough to check for the offmap
allocation. Move the call to cache_init() to packfile allocation so we
can be sure it is always allocated free of races.

This fixes #2355.

There are a number of tests that modify the global or system
search paths during the tests.  This adds a helper function to
make it easier to restore those paths and makes sure that they
are getting restored in a manner that preserves test isolation.

Initialize local variable

Increase config snapshot usage

Add R bindings to the README

And decrease extra reload checks of config data.

Improve checks for ignore containment

Make pack object lookup use loops

Minor fix for previously merged netops code.

The code doesn't use SSL and a test requires it.

The base object is a good cache candidate, so we shouldn't forget to add
it to the cache.

This avoid allocating the array on the heap for relatively small
chains. The expected performance increase is sadly not really
noticeable.

Instead of going through a special entry in the chain, let's pass it as
an output parameter.

Pass unconverted Unicode path data when iconv doesn't like it

Be more careful with user-supplied buffers

Some improvements to the cert checking

Configuration snapshotting

The switch makes the loop somewhat unwieldy. Let's assume it's fine and
perform the check when we're accessing the data.

This makes our code look a lot more like git's.

Dependency chains are often large and require a few
reallocations. Allocate a 64-element chain before doing anything else to
avoid allocations during the loop.

This value comes from the stack-allocated one git uses. We still
allocate this on the heap, but it does help performance a little bit.