Includes typedef for git_direction, and renames for
GIT_DIR_[FETCH|PUSH] to GIT_DIRECTION_(\1).

In so doing, promote commit_list to git_commit_list,
with its own internal API header.

This fixes some missed places where we can apply const-ness to
various public APIs.

There are still some index and tree APIs that cannot take const
pointers because we sort our `git_vectors` lazily and so we can't
reliably bsearch the index and tree content without applying a
`git_vector_sort()` first.

This also fixes some missed places where size_t can be used and
where const can be applied to a couple internal functions.

This makes the diff functions that take callbacks both take
the payload parameter after the callback function pointers and
pass the payload as the last argument to the callback function
instead of the first.  This should make them consistent with
other callbacks across the API.

As part of API review, use a typedef for the callback fn ptr.

Conflicts:
	src/branch.c
	tests-clar/refs/branches/create.c

fix build on FreeBSD

3f9eb1e5 introduced support for SSL certificates issued for IP
addresses, making use of in_addr and in_addr6 structs.  On FreeBSD
these are defined in (a file included in) <netinet/in.h>, so include
that file on FreeBSD and get the build working again.

pack.c: Set p->mwf.fd to -1 on error

Fix invalid read reported by valgrind

If p->mwf.fd is e.g. -2 then it is closed in packfile_free and an exception might be thrown.

Signed-off-by: Sven Strickroth <email@cs-ware.de>

Make `git_repository_head_tree()` return error codes

Create contributing guidelines

Reset all static variables to NULL in clar's __cleanup

Remove use of English expletives

Remove words such as fuck, crap, shit etc.
Remove other potentially offensive words from comments.
Tidy up other geopolicital terms in comments.