Use a hashmap for path-based lookups in the index

This should let us see more clearly what we're doing and avoid the ugly
'if' we need every time we want to interact with the map.

Provide path matching in the iterators (for faster diffs)

Some nicer refactoring for index iteration walks.

The index iterator doesn't binary search through the pathlist space,
since it lacks directory entries, and would have to binary search
each index entry and all its parents (eg, when presented with an index
entry of `foo/bar/file.c`, you would have to look in the pathlist for
`foo/bar/file.c`, `foo/bar` and `foo`).  Since the index entries and the
pathlist are both nicely sorted, we walk the index entries in lockstep
with the pathlist like we do for other iteration/diff/merge walks.

Now that non-pathspec matching diffs are implemented at the iterator
level, drop `FILELIST_MATCH`ing.

When using literal pathspecs in diff with `GIT_DIFF_DISABLE_PATHSPEC_MATCH`
turn on the faster iterator pathlist handling.

Updates iterator pathspecs to include directory prefixes (eg, `foo/`)
for compatibility with `GIT_DIFF_DISABLE_PATHSPEC_MATCH`.

Escape @ in doc comment

Document that `GIT_DIFF_PATHSPEC_DISABLE` is not necessarily about
explicit path matching, but also includes matching of directory
names.  Enforce this in a test.

win32: ensure hidden files can be staged

When given a pathlist, don't assume that directories sort before
files.  Walk through any list of entries sorting before us to make
sure that we've exhausted all entries that *aren't* directories.

Eg, if we're searching for 'foo/bar', and we have a 'foo.c', keep
advancing the pathlist to keep looking for an entry prefixed with
'foo/'.

Fix a typo [ci skip]

COPYING: include winhttp definition copyright

Include the copyright notice from the deps/winhttp/ sources.  Move the
LGPL to the bottom of the file (since multiple dependencies are LGPL
licensed) and include the actual copyright notices from the regex sources.

Include the 4 characters not recognised as hex-number in parse_len

transport: provide a way to get the callbacks

CMake: fall back to OpenSSL on older OS X

Starting at OS X 10.8, the Security framework offers some functions
which are unified across OS X and iOS. These are the functions that we
use.

Older versions of OS X do not have these functions and we fail to
compile. In these situations, fall back to using OpenSSL for our TLS
stream instead.

libgit2 implementations of smart subtransports can simply reach through
the structure, but external implementors cannot.

Add these two functions as a way for the smart subtransports to get the
callbacks as set by the user.

Fix build warning: implicit declaration of function ‘git_transaction_config_new’

Fix bug in git_smart__push: push_transfer_progress cb is only called at end

diff: don't error out on an invalid regex

http: propagate the credentials callback's error code

When parsing user-provided regex patterns for functions, we must not
fail to provide a diff just because a pattern is not well
formed. Ignore it instead.

When we ask for credentials, the user may choose to return EUSER to
indicate that an error has happened on its end and it wants to be given
back control.

We must therefore pass that back to the user instead of mentioning that
it was on_headers_complete() that returned an error code. Since we can,
we return the exact error code from the user (other than PASSTHROUGH)
since it doesn't cost anything, though using other error codes aren't
recommended.

curl: use the most secure auth method for the proxy