This refactors the diff output code so that an iterator object
can be used to traverse and generate the diffs, instead of just
the `foreach()` style with callbacks.  The code has been rearranged
so that the two styles can still share most functions.

This also replaces `GIT_REVWALKOVER` with `GIT_ITEROVER` and uses
that as a common error code for marking the end of iteration when
using a iterator style of object.

Default in git core is 0, not 3

    exp() is already defined in math.h. This leads to LMSVC complaining

    ..\..\libgit2\tests-clar\diff\blob.c(5): error C2365: 'exp' : redefinition; previous definition was 'function'

    Renaming the variable fixes this issue.

diff: When diffing two blobs, ensure the delta callback parameter is filled with relevant information

Signed-off-by: schu <schu-github@schulog.org>

It turns out that commit 31e9cfc4cbcaf1b38cdd3dbe3282a8f57e5366a5
did not fix the GIT_USUSED behavior on all platforms.  This commit
walks through and really cleans things up more thoroughly, getting
rid of the unnecessary stuff.

To remove the use of some GIT_UNUSED, I ended up adding a couple
of new iterators for hashtables that allow you to iterator just
over keys or just over values.

In making this change, I found a bug in the clar tests (where we
were doing *count++ but meant to do (*count)++ to increment the
value).  I fixed that but then found the test failing because it
was not really using an empty repo.  So, I took some of the code
that I wrote for iterator testing and moved it to clar_helpers.c,
then made use of that to make it easier to open fixtures on a
per test basis even within a single test file.

* Implemented git_diff_index_to_tree
* Reworked git_diff_options structure to handle more options
* Made most of the options in git_diff_options actually work
* Reorganized code a bit to remove some redundancy
* Added option parsing to examples/diff.c to test most options

This fixes several bugs, updates tests and docs, eliminates the
FILE* assumption in favor of printing callbacks for the diff patch
formatter helpers, and adds a "diff" example function that can
perform a diff from the command line.