Fix ACK parsing in wait_while_ack() internal function. This patch
handles the case where multi_ack_detailed mode sends 'ready' ACKs. The
existing functionality would bail out too early, thus causing the
processing of the ensuing packfile to fail if/when 'ready' ACKs were
sent.

The function `git_buf_try_grow` consistently calls `giterr_set_oom`
whenever growing the buffer fails due to insufficient memory being
available. So in fact, we do not have to do this ourselves when a call
to any buffer-growing function has failed due to an OOM situation. But
we still do so in two functions, which this patch cleans up.

After calling `libssh2_init`, we need to clean up after the library by
executing `libssh2_exit` as soon as we exit. Register a shutdown handler
to do so which simply calls `libssh2_exit`. This fixes several memory
leaks.

We unconditionally return success when initializing libssh2, regardless
of whether `libgssh2_init` signals success or an error. Fix this by
checking its return code.

As with the callbacks, third-party implementations of smart subtransports cannot
reach into the opaque struct and thus cannot know what options the user set.

Add a getter for these options to copy the proxy options into something external
implementors can use.

The recent introduction of the commondir variable of a repository
requires callers to distinguish whether their files are part of
the dot-git directory or the common directory shared between
multpile worktrees. In order to take the burden from callers and
unify knowledge on which files reside where, the
`git_repository_item_path` function has been introduced which
encapsulate this knowledge.

Modify most existing callers of `git_repository_path` to use
`git_repository_item_path` instead, thus making them implicitly
aware of the common directory.

This change provides an option in git_libgit2_opt_t which can be used in git_libgit2_opts to turn off/on ofs_delta capability in libGit2

Set up a WinHTTP status callback; inspect the WinHTTP status for
WINHTTP_CALLBACK_STATUS_SECURE_FAILURE, and convert the status code
to a useful message for callers.

For username/password credentials, support NTLM or Basic (in that order
of priority).  Use the WinHTTP built-in authentication support for both,
and maintain a bitfield of the supported mechanisms from the response.

The Git protocol does not specify what should happen in the case
of an empty packet line (that is a packet line "0004"). We
currently indicate success, but do not return a packet in the
case where we hit an empty line. The smart protocol was not
prepared to handle such packets in all cases, though, resulting
in a `NULL` pointer dereference.

Fix the issue by returning an error instead. As such kind of
packets is not even specified by upstream, this is the right
thing to do.

Each packet line in the Git protocol is prefixed by a four-byte
length of how much data will follow, which we parse in
`git_pkt_parse_line`. The transmitted length can either be equal
to zero in case of a flush packet or has to be at least of length
four, as it also includes the encoded length itself. Not
checking this may result in a buffer overflow as we directly pass
the length to functions which accept a `size_t` length as
parameter.

Fix the issue by verifying that non-flush packets have at least a
length of `PKT_LEN_SIZE`.

Error messages should be sentence fragments, and therefore:

1. Should not begin with a capital letter,
2. Should not conclude with punctuation, and
3. Should not end a sentence and begin a new one

We want to keep the git UA in order for services to recognise that we're
a Git client and not a browser. But in order to stop dumb HTTP some
services have blocked UAs that claim to be pre-1.6.6 git.

Thread these needles by using the "git/2.0" prefix which is still close
enough to git's yet distinct enough that you can tell it's us.

When trying to receive packets from the remote, we loop until
either an error distinct to `GIT_EBUFS` occurs or until we
successfully parsed the packet. This does not honor the case
where we are looping over an already closed socket which has no
more data, leaving us in an infinite loop if we got a bogus
packet size or if the remote hang up.

Fix the issue by returning `GIT_EEOF` when we cannot read data
from the socket anymore.

When reading a server's reference announcements via the smart
protocol, we expect the server to send multiple flushes before
the protocol is finished. If we fail to receive new data from the
socket, we will only return an end of stream error if we have not
seen any flush yet.

This logic is flawed in that we may run into an infinite loop
when receiving a server's reference announcement with a bogus
flush packet. E.g. assume the last flushing package is changed to
not be '0000' but instead any other value. In this case, we will
still await one more flush package and ignore the fact that we
are not receiving any data from the socket, causing an infinite
loop.

Fix the issue by always returning `GIT_EEOF` if the socket
indicates an end of stream.

When calling `http_connect` on a subtransport whose stream is already
connected, we first close the stream in case no keep-alive is in use.
When doing so, we do not reset the transport's connection state,
though. Usually, this will do no harm in case the subsequent connect
will succeed. But when the connection fails we are left with a
substransport which is tagged as connected but which has no valid
stream attached.

Fix the issue by resetting the subtransport's connected-state when
closing its stream in `http_connect`.

When we receive a packet of exactly four bytes encoding its
length as those four bytes it can be treated as an empty line.
While it is not really specified how those empty lines should be
treated, we currently ignore them and do not return an error when
trying to parse it but simply advance the data pointer.

Callers invoking `git_pkt_parse_line` are currently not prepared
to handle this case as they do not explicitly check this case.
While they could always reset the passed out-pointer to `NULL`
before calling `git_pkt_parse_line` and determine if the pointer
has been set afterwards, it makes more sense to update
`git_pkt_parse_line` to set the out-pointer to `NULL` itself when
it encounters such an empty packet. Like this it is guaranteed
that there will be no invalid memory references to free'd
pointers.

As such, the issue has been fixed such that `git_pkt_parse_line`
always sets the packet out pointer to `NULL` when an empty packet
has been received and callers check for this condition, skipping
such packets.

We leave this up to the scheme in the url field. The type should only
tell us about whether we want a proxy and whether we want to auto-detect
it.

The path is not something that you use for proxies, so make use of the
new optionality of the path when extracting URL parts.

We should have been doing this, but it initializes itself upon first
use, which works as long as nobody's doing concurrent network
operations. Initialize it on our init to make sure it's not getting
initialized concurrently.

If the caller has provided bad authentication, give them another
apportunity to get it right until they give up. This brings WinHTTP in
line with the other transports.