http: standardize user-agent addition

The winhttp and posix http each need to add the user-agent to their
requests.  Standardize on a single function to include this so that we
do not get the version numbers we're sending out of sync.

Assemble the complete user agent in `git_http__user_agent`, returning
assembled strings.

Co-authored-by: Patrick Steinhardt <ps@pks.im>

Plug resource leaks

odb: error when we can't alloc an object

Return an error to the caller when we can't create an object header for
some reason (printf failure) instead of simply asserting.

There's no recovery possible if we're so confused or corrupted that
we're trying to overwrite our memory.  Simply assert.

Provide error messages on hash failures: assert when given invalid
input instead of failing with a user error; provide error messages
on program errors.

It's unlikely that we'll fail to allocate a single byte, but let's check
for allocation failures for good measure.  Untangle `-1` being a marker
of not having found the hardcoded odb object; use that to reflect actual
errors.

At the moment, we're swallowing the allocation failure.  We need to
return the error to the caller.

Streaming read support for the loose ODB backend

Recursive merge: reverse the order of merge bases

config: handle CRLF-only lines and BOM

The function to detect a BOM takes an offset where it shall look for a
BOM. No caller uses that, and searching for the BOM in the middle of a
buffer seems to be very unlikely, as a BOM should only ever exist at
file start.

Remove the parameter, as it has already caused confusion due to its
weirdness.

The function `skip_bom` is being used to detect and skip BOM marks
previously to parsing a configuration file. To do so, it simply uses
`git_buf_text_detect_bom`. But since the refactoring to use the parser
interface in commit 9e66590b (config_parse: use common parser
interface, 2017-07-21), the BOM detection was actually broken.

The issue stems from a misunderstanding of `git_buf_text_detect_bom`. It
was assumed that its third parameter limits the length of the character
sequence that is to be analyzed, while in fact it was an offset at which
we want to detect the BOM. Fix the parameter to be `0` instead of the
buffer length, as we always want to check the beginning of the
configuration file.

Currently, the configuration parser will fail reading empty lines with
just an CRLF-style line ending. Special-case the '\r' character in order
to handle it the same as Unix-style line endings. Add tests to spot this
regression in the future.

Upon each line, the configuration parser tries to get either the first
non-whitespace character or the first whitespace character, in case
there is no non-whitespace character. The logic handling this looks
rather odd and doesn't immediately convey this meaning, so add a comment
to clarify what happens.

CMake: minor fixups

Our virtual commit must be the last argument to merge-base: since our
algorithm pushes _both_ parents of the virtual commit, it needs to be
the last argument, since merge-base:

> Given three commits A, B and C, git merge-base A B C will compute the
> merge base between A and a hypothetical commit M

We want to calculate the merge base between the actual commit ("two")
and the virtual commit ("one") - since one actually pushes its parents
to the merge-base calculation, we need to calculate the merge base of
"two" and the parents of one.

Virtual base building: ensure that the virtual base is created and
revwalked in the same way as git.

When the commits being merged have multiple merge bases, reverse the
order when creating the virtual merge base.  This is for compatibility
with git's merge-recursive algorithm, and ensures that we build
identical trees.

Git does this to try to use older merge bases first.  Per 8918b0c:

> It seems to be the only sane way to do it: when a two-head merge is
> done, and the merge-base and one of the two branches agree, the
> merge assumes that the other branch has something new.
>
> If we start creating virtual commits from newer merge-bases, and go
> back to older merge-bases, and then merge with newer commits again,
> chances are that a patch is lost, _because_ the merge-base and the
> head agree on it. Unlikely, yes, but it happened to me.

Provide a simple function to reverse an oidarray.

Conflict markers should match EOL style in conflicting files

Move the odd code that provides a hierarchical display for projects
within the IDEs to its own module.

Move the nanosecond detection in time structures to its own module.

Enable CMake policy CMP0042, if supported:

> CMake 2.8.12 and newer has support for using ``@rpath`` in a target's
> install name.  This was enabled by setting the target property
> ``MACOSX_RPATH``.  The ``@rpath`` in an install name is a more
> flexible and powerful mechanism than ``@executable_path`` or
> ``@loader_path`` for locating shared libraries.

We can use policy checks to see if a policy exists in cmake, like
CMP0051, instead of relying on the version.

sysdir: do not use environment in setuid case

Consistent header guards

attr: avoid stat'ting files for bare repositories

In order to derive the location of some Git directories, we currently
use the environment variables $HOME and $XDG_CONFIG_HOME. This might
prove to be problematic whenever the binary is run with setuid, that is
when the effective user does not equal the real user. In case the
environment variables do not get sanitized by the caller, we thus might
end up using the real user's configuration when doing stuff as the
effective user.

The fix is to use the passwd entry's directory instead of $HOME in this
situation. As this might break scenarios where the user explicitly sets
$HOME to another path, this fix is only applied in case the effective
user does not equal the real user.

`MAX_HEADER_LEN` is a more descriptive constant name.

Only run the large file tests on 64 bit platforms.

Even though we support streaming reads on objects, and do not need to
fit them in memory, we use `size_t` in various places to reflect the
size of an object.