diff: cleanup hash ctx in `git_diff_patchid`

Fix AppVeyor build failures due to CRTDBG linking issue

In order to cover a wider range of build environments, add two more jobs
which build and test libgit2 on Visual Studio 14 2015.

AppVeyor currently does provide three standard build worker images with
VS2013, VS2015 and VS2017. Right now, we are using the implicitly, which
is the VS2015 one. We want to be more explicit about this, so that we
can easily switch build images based on the job. So starting from this
commit, we explicitly set the `APPVEYOR_BUILD_WORKER_IMAGE` variable per
job, which enables us to choose different images.

To be able to test a wider range of build configurations, this commit
also switches the jobs for VC2010 over to use the older, VS2013 based
images. As the next commit will introduce two new jobs for building with
VS2015, we have then covered both build environments.

Also, let us be a bit more explicit regarding the CMake generator.
Instead of only saying "Visual Studio 10", use the more descriptive
value "Visual Studio 10 2010" to at least avoid some confusion
surrounding the versioning scheme of Visual Studio.

When the MSVC_CRTDBG option is set by the developer, we will link in the
dbghelper library to enable memory lead detection in MSVC projects. We
are doing so by adding it to the variable `CMAKE_C_STANDARD_LIBRARIES`,
so that it is linked for every library and executable built by CMake.
But this causes our builds to fail with a linker error:

```
    LINK: fatal error LNK1104: cannot open file 'advapi32.lib;Dbghelp.lib'
```

The issue here is that we are treating the variable as if it were an
array of libraries by setting it via the following command:

```
    SET(CMAKE_C_STANDARD_LIBRARIES "${CMAKE_C_STANDARD_LIBRARIES}"
        "Dbghelp.lib")
```

The generated build commands will then simply stringify the variable,
concatenating all the contained libraries with a ";". This causes the
observed linking failure.

To fix the issue, we should just treat the variabable as a simple
string. So instead of adding multiple members, we just add the
"Dbghelp.lib" library to the existing string, separated by a space
character.

After initializing the hash context in `git_diff_patchid`, we never
proceed to call `git_hash_ctx_cleanup` on it. While this doesn't really
matter on most hash implementations, this causes a memory leak on Win32
due to CNG system requiring a `malloc` call.

Fix the memory leak by always calling `git_hash_ctx_cleanup` before
exiting.

Clear the remote_ref_name buffer in git_push_update_tips()

features.h: allow building without CMake-generated feature header

In commit a390a846 (cmake: move defines into "features.h" header,
2017-07-01), we have introduced a new "features.h" header. This file is
being generated by the CMake build system based on how the libgit2 build
has been configured, replacing the preexisting method of simply setting
the defines inside of the CMake build system. This was done to help
splitting up the build instructions into multiple separate
subdirectories.

An overlooked shortcoming of this approach is that some projects making
use of libgit2 build the library with custom build systems, without
making use of CMake. For those users, the introduction of the
"features.h" file makes their life harder as they would have to also
generate this file.

Fix this issue by guarding all inclusions of the generated header file
by the `LIBGIT2_NO_FEATURES_H` define. Like this, other build systems
can skip the feature header and simply define all used features by
specifying `-D` flags for the compiler again.

If fetch_spec was a non-pattern, and it is not the first iteration of push_status vector, then git_refspec_transform would result in the new value appended via git_buf_puts to the previous iteration value.

Forcibly clearing the buffer on each iteration to prevent this behavior.

README: Mention Guile-Git bindings.

Fix negative ignore rules with patterns

Submodules with bare repo

-Werror builds for Travis

While it is technically possible to look up submodules inside of a
bare repository by reading the submodule configuration of a specific
commit, we do not offer this functionality right now. As such, calling
both `git_submodule_lookup` and `git_submodule_foreach` should error out
early when these functions encounter a bare repository. While
`git_submodule_lookup` already does return an error due to not being
able to parse the configuration, `git_submodule_foreach` simply returns
success and never invokes the callback function.

Fix the issue by having both functions check whether the repository is
bare and returning an error in that case.

The testcase "submodule::lookup::cached" was declared with a single
underscore separating the test suide and test name, only. As the clar
parser only catches tests with two underscores, it was never executed.
Add in the second underscore to actually have it detected and executed.

When computing negative ignores, we throw away any rule which does not
undo a previous rule to optimize. But on case insensitive file systems,
we need to keep in mind that a negative ignore can also undo a previous
rule with different case, which we did not yet honor while determining
whether a rule undoes a previous one. So in the following example, we
fail to unignore the "/Case" directory:

    /case
    !/Case

Make both paths checking whether a plain- or wildcard-based rule undo a
previous rule aware of case-insensitivity. This fixes the described
issue.

This test is by Carlos Martín Nieto.

Ignore rules allow for reverting a previously ignored rule by prefixing
it with an exclamation mark. As such, a negative rule can only override
previously ignored files. While computing all ignore patterns, we try to
use this fact to optimize away some negative rules which do not override
any previous patterns, as they won't change the outcome anyway.

In some cases, though, this optimization causes us to get the actual
ignores wrong for some files. This may happen whenever the pattern
contains a wildcard, as we are unable to reason about whether a pattern
overrides a previous pattern in a sane way. This happens for example in
the case where a gitignore file contains "*.c" and "!src/*.c", where we
wouldn't un-ignore files inside of the "src/" subdirectory.

In this case, the first solution coming to mind may be to just strip the
"src/" prefix and simply compare the basenames. While that would work
here, it would stop working as soon as the basename pattern itself is
different, like for example with "*x.c" and "!src/*.c. As such, we
settle for the easier fix of just not optimizing away rules that contain
a wildcard.

One of our goals is to have our code free of any warnings. Due to the
recent switch to Ubuntu 14.04 on Travis, the last warning regarding some
preprocessor-magic in the curl-headers has been fixed and as such, the
goal of zero warnings is now reached for Travis CI. In order to avoid
introducing new warnings via pull requests, we can now enable building
with `-Werror` and turn compiler warnings into errors instead, causing
the CI jobs to fail.

This build does so by passing the newly introdcued `-DENABLE_WERROR`
flag to CMake for all Travis jobs.

Add a simple switch to enable building with "-Werror=<warning>" instead
of "-W<warning". Due to the encapsulated `ENABLE_WARNINGS` macro, this
is as simple as adding a new variable "ENABLE_WERROR`, which can be
passed on the command line via `-DENABLE_WERROR=ON`. The variable
defaults to NO to not bother developers in their day to day work.

There are multiple sites where we enable or disable compiler warning via
"-W<warning>" or "-Wno-<warning>". As we want to extend this mechanism
later on to conditionally switch these over to "-Werror=<warning>", we
encapsulate the logic into its their own macros `ENABLE_WARNINGS` and
`DISABLE_WARNINGS`.

Note that we in fact have to use a macro here. Using a function would
not modify the CFLAGS inside of the callers scope, but in the function's
scope only.

Split up CMakeLists.txt build instructions

As observed by Edward Thomson, the libgit2 DLL built by Windows will not
end up in the top-level build directory but instead inside of the 'src/'
subdirectory. While confusing at first because we are actually setting
the LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY to the project's binary directory, the
manual page of LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY clears this up:

    There are three kinds of target files that may be built: archive,
    library, and runtime. Executables are always treated as runtime
    targets. Static libraries are always treated as archive targets.
    Module libraries are always treated as library targets. For non-DLL
    platforms shared libraries are treated as library targets. For DLL
    platforms the DLL part of a shared library is treated as a runtime
    target and the corresponding import library is treated as an archive
    target. All Windows-based systems including Cygwin are DLL
    platforms.

So in fact, DLLs and import libraries are not treated as libraries at
all by CMake but instead as runtime and archive targets. To fix the
issue, we can thus simply set the variables RUNTIME_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY and
ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY to the project's root binary directory.

With c26ce784 (Merge branch 'AndreyG/cmake/modernization', 2017-06-28),
we have recently introduced a regression in the way we are searching for
headers. We have made sure to always include our own headers first, but
due to the changes in c26ce784  this is no longer guaranteed. In fact,
this already leads the compiler into picking "config.h" from the
"deps/regex" dependency, if it is used.

Fix the issue by declaring our internal include directories up front,
before any of the other search directories is added.

To fix leaking build instructions into different targets and to make
the build instructions easier to handle, create a new CMakeLists.txt
file containing build instructions for the libgit2 target.

By now, the split is rather easy to achieve. Due to the preparatory
steps, we can now simply move over all related build instructions, only
needing to remove the "src/" prefix from some files.

There are quite some uses of the variables "${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}"
and "${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}" where they are not appropriate.
Convert these sites to instead use the variables "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}"
and "${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}", which instead point to the project's root
directory.

This will ease splitting up the library build instructions into its own
subdirectory.

Extract code required to build the zlib library into its own
CMakeLists.txt, which is included as required.

Extract code required to build the http-parser library into its own
CMakeLists.txt, which is included as required.

Extract code required to build the regex library into its own
CMakeLists.txt, which is included as required.

Extract code required to build the winhttp library into its own
CMakeLists.txt, which is included as required.

This makes splitting up the library build instructions later on more
obvious and easier to achieve.

This makes splitting up the library build instructions later on more
obvious and easier to achieve.

This makes splitting up the library build instructions later on more
obvious and easier to achieve.

Previous to keeping track of libraries and linking directories via
variables, we had two call sites of the `TARGET_OS_LIBRARIES` function
to avoid duplicating knowledge on required operating system library
dependencies. But as the libgit2_clar target now re-uses defined
variables to link against these libraries, we can simply inline the
function.

Later on, we will move detection of required libraries, library
directories as well as include directories into a separate
CMakeLists.txt file inside of the source directory. Obviously, we want
to avoid duplication here regarding these parameters.

To prepare for the split, put the parameters into three variables
LIBGIT2_LIBS, LIBGIT2_LIBDIRS and LIBGIT2_INCLUDES, tracking the
required libraries, linking directory as well as include directories.
These variables can later be exported into the parent scope from inside
of the source build instructions, making them readily available for the
other subdirectories.