Fetch by object id

push: Prepare pack before sending pack header.

odb: check for write failures

Co-authored-by: Edward Thomson <ethomson@github.com>

For large pushes, preparing the pack can take a while. Currently we
send the pack header first, followed by preparing the pack and then
finally sending the pack. Unfortunately github.com will terminate
a git-receive-pack command over http if it is idle for more than 10
seconds. This is easily exceeded for a large push, and so the push is
rejected with a Broken Pipe error.

This patch moves the pack preparation ahead of sending the pack header,
so that the timeout is avoided.

prepare_pack() can be called multiple times but will only do the work
once, so the original PREPARE_PACK call inside git_packbuilder_foreach()
remains.

SHA256: early preparation

Provide a mechanism for (internal) users to determine a remote's
capabilities from the transport.

Move the functionality to update an individual tip out of the loop;
although the update tip function remains rather gnarly, at least the
outer function is a bit less onerous.

Pull ref updating into its own function for future uses.

Introduce a function that determines whether a given string is a valid
object id (40 chars of hexadigits).

revparse: support bare '@'

C90: add inline macro to xdiff and mbedtls

merge: comment conflicts lines in MERGE_MSG

merge: support zdiff3 conflict styles

ci: improve the name in CI runs

git has started adding comment markers to its conflict lines in
MERGE_MSG.  Match that behavior.

A bare '@' revision syntax represents HEAD.  Support it as such.

Disabling setting `CMAKE_FIND_LIBRARY_SUFFIXES` on Apple platforms.

refs: Speed up packed lookups.

Update to the xdiff used in git v2.35.0, with updates to our build
configuration to ignore the sort of warnings that we normally care
about (signed/unsigned mismatch, unused, etc.)

Any git-specific abstraction bits are now redefined for our use in
`git-xdiff.h`.  It is a (wildly optimistic) hope that we can use that
indirection layer to standardize on a shared xdiff implementation.

Deprecate the `git_packfile_hash` function.  Callers should use the new
`git_packfile_name` function which provides a unique packfile name.

The index's checksum is not an object ID, so we should not use the
`git_oid` type.  Use a byte array for checksum calculation and storage.

Deprecate the `git_indexer_hash` function.  Callers should use the new
`git_indexer_name` function which provides a unique packfile name.

The index's checksum is not an object ID, so we should not use the
`git_oid` type.  Use a byte array for checksum calculation and storage.

Deprecate the `git_index_checksum` function without a replacement.  This
is an abstraction that callers should not care about (and indeed do not
seem to be using).

Remove the unused `git_index__changed_relative_to` function.