On some systems, notably HP PA-RISC systems running Linux or HP-UX,
EWOULDBLOCK and EAGAIN are not the same value.  POSIX (and these OSes) allow
EWOULDBLOCK to occur on write(2) (and send(2), etc.), so check explicitly
for this case as well as EAGAIN by defining and using a macro GIT_ISBLOCKED
that considers both.

The macro is necessary because MSYS does not provide EWOULDBLOCK and
compilation fails if an attempt is made to use it unconditionally.  On most
systems, where the two values are the same, the compiler will simply
optimize this check out and it will have no effect.

Fix filter test for CRLF->LF issues

Never convert CRLF->LF

Core git performs no conversion on systems that use LF, emulate that.

Handle `core.autocrlf=input` when checking out

Conditional ref update fixups

Keep the reflog parameters as the last two, as they're the optional
parameters.

This addresses arrbee's concerns about wording in the conditional
reference udpate functions.

Not closing the files on a diff failure ensures that clar
cleanup will fail on win32 because we still have the file open.

 add example for diff with --numstat

Add git_commit_amend API

This adds an API to amend an existing commit, basically a shorthand
for creating a new commit filling in missing parameters from the
values of an existing commit.  As part of this, I also added a new
"sys" API to create a commit using a callback to get the parents.
This allowed me to rewrite all the other commit creation APIs so
that temporary allocations are no longer needed.

More reflogness

refs: conditional ref updates

This fixes a number of warnings with the Windows 64-bit build
including a test failure in test_repo_message__message where an
invalid pointer to a git_buf was being used.

Replace priority queue code with implementation from hashsig

Remove unused utf8 -> utf16 conversion code

Some tests of paths that can't actually be written to disk

Add flexibility to the revwalk API

commit: faster parsing

We need this from util.h and posix.h, but the latter includes common.h
which includes util.h, which means p_strlen is not defined by the time
we get to git__strndup().

Split the definition on p_strlen() off into its own header so we can use
it in util.h.

The standard library provides a very nice strnlen function, which knows
to use SSE, let's not reimplement it ourselves.

The current code issues a lot of strncmp() calls in order to check for
the end of the header, simply in order to copy it and start going
through it again. These are a lot of calls for something we can check as
we go along. Knowing the amount of parents beforehand to reduce
allocations in extreme cases does not make up for them.

Instead start parsing immediately and check for the double-newline after
each header field, leaving the raw_header allocation for the end, which
lets us go through the header once and reduces the amount of strncmp()
calls significantly.

In unscientific testing, this has reduced a shortlog-like usage (walking
though the whole history of a branch and extracting data from the
commits) of git.git from ~830ms to ~700ms and makes the time we spend in
strncmp() negligible.