winhttp: support default credentials for proxies

We did not properly support default credentials for proxies, only for
destination servers.  Refactor the credential handling to support sending
either username/password _or_ default credentials to either the proxy or
the destination server.

This actually shares the authentication logic between proxy servers and
destination servers.  Due to copy/pasta drift over time, they had
diverged.  Now they share a common logic which is: first, use
credentials specified in the URL (if there were any), treating empty
username and password (ie, "http://:@foo.com/") as default credentials,
for compatibility with git.  Next, call the credential callbacks.
Finally, fallback to WinHTTP compatibility layers using built-in
authentication like we always have.

Allowing default credentials for proxies requires moving the security
level downgrade into the credential setting routines themselves.
We will update our security level to "high" by default which means that
we will never send default credentials without prompting.  (A lower
setting, like the WinHTTP default of "medium" would allow WinHTTP to
handle credentials for us, despite what a user may have requested with
their structures.)  Now we start with "high" and downgrade to "low" only
after a user has explicitly requested default credentials.

tests/online/clone.c

@@ -841,3 +841,25 @@ void test_online_clone__proxy_auto_not_detected(void)
 
 	cl_git_pass(git_clone(&g_repo, "http://github.com/libgit2/TestGitRepository", "./foo", &g_options));
 }
+
+void test_online_clone__proxy_cred_callback_after_failed_url_creds(void)
+{
+	git_buf url = GIT_BUF_INIT;
+
+	if (!_remote_proxy_host || !_remote_proxy_user || !_remote_proxy_pass)
+		cl_skip();
+
+	cl_git_pass(git_buf_printf(&url, "%s://invalid_user_name:INVALID_pass_WORD@%s/",
+		_remote_proxy_scheme ? _remote_proxy_scheme : "http",
+		_remote_proxy_host));
+
+	g_options.fetch_opts.proxy_opts.type = GIT_PROXY_SPECIFIED;
+	g_options.fetch_opts.proxy_opts.url = url.ptr;
+	g_options.fetch_opts.proxy_opts.credentials = proxy_cred_cb;
+	g_options.fetch_opts.proxy_opts.certificate_check = proxy_cert_cb;
+	called_proxy_creds = 0;
+	cl_git_pass(git_clone(&g_repo, "http://github.com/libgit2/TestGitRepository", "./foo", &g_options));
+	cl_assert(called_proxy_creds);
+
+	git_buf_dispose(&url);
+}