Looking up a non-existent object currently always invokes
`git_odb_refresh`. If looking up a large batch of objects, many of which
may legitimately not exist, this will repeatedly refresh the ODB to no
avail.

Add a `git_odb_exists_ext` that accepts flags controlling the ODB
lookup, and add a flag to suppress the refresh. This allows the user to
control if and when they refresh (for instance, refreshing once before
starting the batch).