The `parse_len` function currently directly returns the parsed length of
a packet line or an error code in case there was an error. Instead,
convert this to our usual style of using the return value as error code
only and returning the actual value via an out-parameter. Thus, we can
now convert the output parameter to an unsigned type, as the size of a
packet cannot ever be negative.

While at it, we also move the check whether the input buffer is long
enough into `parse_len` itself. We don't really want to pass around
potentially non-NUL-terminated buffers to functions without also passing
along the length, as this is dangerous in the unlikely case where other
callers for that function get added. Note that we need to make sure
though to not mess with `GIT_EBUFS` error codes, as these indicate not
an error to the caller but that he needs to fetch more data.

(cherry picked from commit c05790a8)