/*
 * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
 * or more contributor license agreements.  See the NOTICE file
 * distributed with this work for additional information
 * regarding copyright ownership.  The ASF licenses this file
 * to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
 * "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
 * with the License.  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
 * software distributed under the License is distributed on an
 * "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.  See the License for the
 * specific language governing permissions and limitations
 * under the License.
 */

/*!
 * \file tvm/runtime/vm.h
 * \brief A virtual machine for executing Relay programs.
 */
#ifndef TVM_RUNTIME_VM_H_
#define TVM_RUNTIME_VM_H_

#include <tvm/runtime/object.h>
#include <tvm/runtime/memory.h>
#include <tvm/runtime/packed_func.h>
#include <tvm/runtime/registry.h>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <unordered_map>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>

namespace tvm {
namespace runtime {
namespace vm {

/*!
 * \brief An object representing a closure. This object is used by both the
 * Relay VM and interpreter.
 */
class ClosureObj : public Object {
 public:
  static constexpr const uint32_t _type_index = TypeIndex::kClosure;
  static constexpr const char* _type_key = "Closure";
  TVM_DECLARE_BASE_OBJECT_INFO(ClosureObj, Object);
};

/*! \brief reference to closure. */
class Closure : public ObjectRef {
 public:
  TVM_DEFINE_OBJECT_REF_METHODS(Closure, ObjectRef, ClosureObj);
};

/*!
 * \brief An object representing a vm closure.
 */
class VMClosureObj : public ClosureObj {
 public:
  /*!
   * \brief The index into the function list. The function could be any
   * function object that is compatible to the VM runtime.
   */
  size_t func_index;
  /*! \brief The free variables of the closure. */
  std::vector<ObjectRef> free_vars;

  static constexpr const char* _type_key = "vm.Closure";
  TVM_DECLARE_FINAL_OBJECT_INFO(VMClosureObj, ClosureObj);
};

/*! \brief reference to closure. */
class VMClosure : public Closure {
 public:
  VMClosure(size_t func_index, std::vector<ObjectRef> free_vars);
  TVM_DEFINE_OBJECT_REF_METHODS(VMClosure, Closure, VMClosureObj);
};

/*! \brief Magic number for NDArray list file  */
constexpr uint64_t kTVMNDArrayListMagic = 0xF7E58D4F05049CB7;

/*! \brief A register name. */
using RegName = int64_t;

/*! \brief An alias for the integer type used ubiquitously
 * in the VM.
 */
using Index = int64_t;

/*! \brief An enumeration of Relay's opcodes.
 *
 * The opcode is used to implement instruction
 * as a tagged union.
 */
enum class Opcode {
  Move = 0U,
  Ret = 1U,
  Invoke = 2U,
  InvokeClosure = 3U,
  InvokePacked = 4U,
  AllocTensor = 5U,
  AllocTensorReg = 6U,
  AllocADT = 7U,
  AllocClosure = 8U,
  GetField = 9U,
  If = 10U,
  LoadConst = 11U,
  Goto = 12U,
  GetTag = 13U,
  LoadConsti = 14U,
  Fatal = 15U,
  AllocStorage = 16U,
};

/*! \brief A single virtual machine instruction.
 *
 * The representation of the instruction is as
 * a tagged union.
 *
 * The first field represents which instruction,
 * and by extension which field of the union
 * is active.
 */
struct Instruction {
  /*! \brief The instruction opcode. */
  Opcode op;

  /*! \brief The destination register. */
  RegName dst;

  union {
    struct /* AllocTensor Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The storage to allocate from. */
      RegName storage;
      /*! \brief The number of dimensions. */
      uint32_t ndim;
      /*! \brief The shape of tensor. */
      int64_t* shape;
      /*! \brief The datatype of tensor to be allocated. */
      DLDataType dtype;
    } alloc_tensor;
    struct /* AllocTensorReg Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The storage to allocate from. */
      RegName storage;
      /*! \brief The register to read the shape out of. */
      RegName shape_register;
      /*! \brief The datatype of tensor to be allocated. */
      DLDataType dtype;
    } alloc_tensor_reg;
    struct /* InvokeClosure Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The register containing the closure. */
      RegName closure;
      /*! \brief The number of arguments to the closure. */
      Index num_closure_args;
      /*! \brief The closure arguments as an array. */
      RegName* closure_args;
    };
    struct /* Return Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The register to return. */
      RegName result;
    };
    struct /* Move Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The source register for a move operation. */
      RegName from;
    };
    struct /* InvokePacked Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The index into the packed function table. */
      Index packed_index;
      /*! \brief The arity of the packed function. */
      Index arity;
      /*! \brief The number of outputs produced by the packed function. */
      Index output_size;
      /*! \brief The arguments to pass to the packed function. */
      RegName* packed_args;
    };
    struct /* If Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The register containing the test value. */
      RegName test;
      /*! \brief The register containing the target value. */
      RegName target;
      /*! \brief The program counter offset for the true branch. */
      Index true_offset;
      /*! \brief The program counter offset for the false branch. */
      Index false_offset;
    } if_op;
    struct /* Invoke Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The function to call. */
      Index func_index;
      /*! \brief The number of arguments to the function. */
      Index num_args;
      /*! \brief The registers containing the arguments. */
      RegName* invoke_args_registers;
    };
    struct /* LoadConst Operands */ {
      /* \brief The index into the constant pool. */
      Index const_index;
    };
    struct /* LoadConsti Operands */ {
      /* \brief The index into the constant pool. */
      Index val;
    } load_consti;
    struct /* Jump Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The jump offset. */
      Index pc_offset;
    };
    struct /* Proj Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The register to project from. */
      RegName object;
      /*! \brief The field to read out. */
      Index field_index;
    };
    struct /* GetTag Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The register to project from. */
      RegName object;
    } get_tag;
    struct /* AllocADT Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The datatype's constructor tag. */
      Index constructor_tag;
      /*! \brief The number of fields to store in the datatype. */
      Index num_fields;
      /*! \brief The fields as an array. */
      RegName* datatype_fields;
    };
    struct /* AllocClosure Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The index into the function table. */
      Index clo_index;
      /*! \brief The number of free variables to capture. */
      Index num_freevar;
      /*! \brief The free variables as an array. */
      RegName* free_vars;
    };
    struct /* AllocStorage Operands */ {
      /*! \brief The size of the allocation. */
      RegName allocation_size;
      /*! \brief The alignment of the allocation. */
      RegName alignment;
      /*! \brief The hint of the dtype. */
      DLDataType dtype_hint;
    } alloc_storage;
  };

  /*!
   * \brief Construct a return instruction.
   * \param return_reg The register containing the return value.
   * \return The return instruction.
   */
  static Instruction Ret(RegName return_reg);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a fatal instruction.
   * \return The fatal instruction.
   */
  static Instruction Fatal();
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a invoke packed instruction.
   * \param packed_index The index of the packed function.
   * \param arity The arity of the function.
   * \param output_size The number of outputs of the packed function.
   * \param args The argument registers.
   * \return The invoke packed instruction.
   */
  static Instruction InvokePacked(Index packed_index, Index arity, Index output_size,
                                  const std::vector<RegName>& args);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct an allocate tensor instruction with constant shape.
   * \param storage The storage to allocate out of.
   * \param shape The shape of the tensor.
   * \param dtype The dtype of the tensor.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The allocate tensor instruction.
   */
  static Instruction AllocTensor(RegName storage,
                                 const std::vector<int64_t>& shape, DLDataType dtype, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct an allocate tensor instruction with register.
   * \param storage The storage to allocate out of.
   * \param shape_register The register containing the shape.
   * \param dtype The dtype of the tensor.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The allocate tensor instruction.
   */
  static Instruction AllocTensorReg(RegName storage,
                                    RegName shape_register, DLDataType dtype, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct an allocate datatype instruction.
   * \param tag The datatype tag.
   * \param num_fields The number of fields for the datatype.
   * \param fields The registers containing the fields.
   * \param dst The register name of the destination.
   * \return The allocate instruction tensor.
   */
  static Instruction AllocADT(Index tag, Index num_fields, const std::vector<RegName>& fields,
                              RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct an allocate closure instruction.
   * \param func_index The index of the function table.
   * \param num_freevar The number of free variables.
   * \param free_vars The registers of the free variables.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The allocate closure instruction.
   */
  static Instruction AllocClosure(Index func_index, Index num_freevar,
                                  const std::vector<RegName>& free_vars, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a get field instruction.
   * \param object_reg The register containing the object to project from.
   * \param field_index The field to read out of the object.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The get field instruction.
   */
  static Instruction GetField(RegName object_reg, Index field_index, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a get_tag instruction.
   * \param object_reg The register containing the object to project from.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The get_tag instruction.
   */
  static Instruction GetTag(RegName object_reg, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct an if instruction.
   * \param test The register containing the test value.
   * \param target The register containing the target value.
   * \param true_branch The offset to the true branch.
   * \param false_branch The offset to the false branch.
   * \return The if instruction.
   */
  static Instruction If(RegName test, RegName target, Index true_branch, Index false_branch);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a goto instruction.
   * \param pc_offset The offset from the current pc.
   * \return The goto instruction.
   */
  static Instruction Goto(Index pc_offset);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct an invoke instruction.
   * \param func_index The index of the function to invoke.
   * \param args The registers containing the arguments.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The invoke instruction.
   */
  static Instruction Invoke(Index func_index, const std::vector<RegName>& args, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct an invoke closure instruction.
   * \param closure The register of the closure to invoke.
   * \param args The registers containing the arguments.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The invoke closure instruction.
   */
  static Instruction InvokeClosure(RegName closure, const std::vector<RegName>& args, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a load constant instruction.
   * \param const_index The index of the constant.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The load constant instruction.
   */
  static Instruction LoadConst(Index const_index, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a load_constanti instruction.
   * \param val The interger constant value.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The load_constanti instruction.
   */
  static Instruction LoadConsti(Index val, RegName dst);
  /*!
   * \brief Construct a move instruction.
   * \param src The source register.
   * \param dst The destination register.
   * \return The move instruction.
   */
  static Instruction Move(RegName src, RegName dst);

  /*!
   * \brief Allocate a storage block.
   * \param size The size of the allocation.
   * \param alignment The allocation's alignment.
   * \param dtype_hint The data type hint for the allocator.
   * \param dst The destination to place the storage.
   * \return The alloc storage instruction.
   */
  static Instruction AllocStorage(RegName size, RegName alignment,
                                  DLDataType dtype_hint, RegName dst);

  Instruction();
  Instruction(const Instruction& instr);
  Instruction& operator=(const Instruction& instr);
  ~Instruction();

  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Instruction&);
};

/*!
 * \brief A representation of a Relay function in the VM.
 *
 * Contains metadata about the compiled function, as
 * well as the compiled VM instructions.
 */
struct VMFunction {
  /*! \brief The function's name. */
  std::string name;
  /*! \brief The function parameter names. */
  std::vector<std::string> params;
  /*! \brief The instructions representing the function. */
  std::vector<Instruction> instructions;
  /*! \brief The size of the frame for this function */
  Index register_file_size;

  VMFunction(const std::string& name, std::vector<std::string> params,
             const std::vector<Instruction>& instructions,
             Index register_file_size)
      : name(name),
        params(params),
        instructions(instructions),
        register_file_size(register_file_size) {}

  VMFunction() {}

  friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const VMFunction&);
};

/*!
 * \brief A representation of a stack frame.
 *
 * A stack frame is a record containing the information needed
 * to restore the caller's virtual machine state after returning
 * from a function call.
 */
struct VMFrame {
  /*! \brief The return program counter. */
  Index pc;
  /*! \brief The index into the function table, points to the caller. */
  Index func_index;
  /*! \brief The number of arguments. */
  Index args;
  /*! \brief A pointer into the caller function's instructions. */
  const Instruction* code;

  /*! \brief Statically allocated space for objects */
  std::vector<ObjectRef> register_file;

  /*! \brief Register in caller's frame to put return value */
  RegName caller_return_register;

  VMFrame(Index pc, Index func_index, Index args, const Instruction* code, Index register_file_size)
      : pc(pc),
        func_index(func_index),
        args(args),
        code(code),
        register_file(register_file_size),
        caller_return_register(0) {}
};

/*!
 * \brief The executable emitted by the VM compiler.
 *
 * The executable contains information (e.g. data in different memory regions)
 * to run in a virtual machine.
 *
 *  - Global section, containing all globals.
 *  - Constant section, storing the constant pool.
 *  - Primitive name section, containing the function name of the primitive ops
 *  used by the virtual machine.
 *  - Code section, handling the VM functions and bytecode.
 */
class Executable : public ModuleNode {
 public:
  /*!
   * \brief Get a PackedFunc from an executable module.
   *
   * \param name the name of the function.
   * \param sptr_to_self The shared_ptr that points to this module node.
   *
   * \return PackedFunc or nullptr when it is not available.
   */
  PackedFunc GetFunction(const std::string& name,
                         const ObjectPtr<Object>& sptr_to_self) final;

  /*!
   * \brief Serialize the executable into global section, constant section, and
   * code section.
   *
   * \return The binary representation of the VM.
   */
  TVMByteArray Save();

  /*!
   * \brief Load the saved VM executable.
   *
   * \param code The bytecode in string.
   * \param lib The compiled runtime library.
   *
   * \return exe The constructed executable.
   */
  static runtime::Module Load(const std::string& code, const runtime::Module lib);

  /*!
   * \brief Get the serialized form of the `functions`. This is
   * essentially bytecode serialization.
   *
   * \return The serialized vm bytecode.
   *
   * \note The bytecode is in the following format:
   *   func_name reg_file_size num_instructions
   *   param1 param2 ... paramM
   *   instruction1
   *   instruction2
   *   ...
   *   instructionN
   *
   * Each instruction is printed in the following format:
   *   opcode num_fields field1 ... fieldX # The text format.
   *
   * Serializing an `Instruction` requires us to deal with the bytecode. Each line
   * of the instructions could be serialized as the following format:
   *   hash, opcode, f1, f2, ..., fX, field with variable length
   *   1. hash: the hash of the instruction. This number will be used to help us
   * validate if an instruction is well-formed during deserialization.
   *   2. opcode: the opcode code of the instruction.
   *   3. f1, f2, ..., fX. These fields together represent the fixed fields in
   * an instruction, e.g., `from` and `dst` fields of a `Move` instruction. For
   * example, `DLDataType` will be unpacked into three fields (code, bits, lanes).
   *   4. The rest of the line indicates the field with variable length, e.g.,
   * the shape of a tensor, the args used by an `InvokPacked` instruction, etc.

   * The field starting from # is only used for debugging. The serialized code
   * doesn't contain it, therefore the deserializer doens't need to handle it.
   */
  std::string GetBytecode() const;

  /*!
   * \brief Print the detailed statistics of the given code, i.e. number of
   * globls and constants, etc.
   */
  std::string Stats() const;

  /*!
   * \brief Get the `lib` module in an executable. Users have the flexibility to call
   * `export_library` from the frontend to save the library to disk.
   *
   * \return The runtime module that contains the hardwre dependent code.
   */
  runtime::Module GetLib() const { return lib; }

  /*!
   * \brief Get the arity of the VM Fucntion.
   * \param func Function name.
   * \return The number of parameters.
   */
  int GetFunctionArity(std::string func) const;

  /*!
   * \brief Get the parameter name given the function name and parameter index.
   * \param func Function name.
   * \param index Parameter index.
   * \return The parameter name.
   */
  std::string GetFunctionParameterName(std::string func, uint32_t index) const;

  virtual ~Executable() {}

  const char* type_key() const final {
    return "VMExecutable";
  }

  /*! \brief The runtime module/library that contains both the host and also the device
   * code when executing on non-CPU devices. */
  runtime::Module lib;
  /*! \brief The global constant pool. */
  std::vector<ObjectRef> constants;
  /*! \brief A map from globals (as strings) to their index in the function map. */
  std::unordered_map<std::string, Index> global_map;
  /*! \brief A mapping from the packed function (as string) to the index that
   * corresponds to the position of the `packed_funcs` list in a `VirtualMachine` object.
   */
  std::unordered_map<std::string, Index> primitive_map;
  /*! \brief The virtual machine's function table. */
  std::vector<VMFunction> functions;

 private:
  /*!
   * \brief Save the globals.
   *
   * \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void SaveGlobalSection(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*!
   * \brief Save the constant pool.
   *
   * \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void SaveConstantSection(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*!
   * \brief Save primitive op names.
   *
   *  \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void SavePrimitiveOpNames(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*!
   * \brief Save the vm functions.
   *
   * \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void SaveCodeSection(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*!
   * \brief Load the globals.
   *
   * \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void LoadGlobalSection(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*!
   * \brief Load the constant pool.
   *
   * \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void LoadConstantSection(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*!
   * \brief Load primitive op names.
   *
   * \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void LoadPrimitiveOpNames(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*!
   * \brief Load the vm functions.
   *
   * \param strm The input stream.
   */
  void LoadCodeSection(dmlc::Stream* strm);

  /*! \brief The serialized bytecode. */
  std::string code_;
};

/*!
 * \brief The virtual machine.
 *
 * The virtual machine contains all the current execution state,
 * as well as the executable.
 *
 * The goal is to have a single self-contained object,
 * enabling one to easily pass around VMs, execute them on
 * multiple threads, or serialize them to disk or over the
 * wire.
 */
class VirtualMachine : public runtime::ModuleNode {
 public:
  /*!
   * \brief Get a PackedFunc from module.
   *
   *  The PackedFunc may not be fully initialized,
   *  there might still be first time running overhead when
   *  executing the function on certain devices.
   *  For benchmarking, use prepare to eliminate
   *
   * \param name the name of the function.
   * \param sptr_to_self The shared_ptr that points to this module node.
   *
   * \return PackedFunc(nullptr) when it is not available.
   *
   * \note The function will always remain valid.
   *   If the function needs resource from the module(e.g. late linking),
   *   it should capture sptr_to_self.
   */
  virtual PackedFunc GetFunction(const std::string& name,
                                 const ObjectPtr<Object>& sptr_to_self);

  virtual ~VirtualMachine() {}

  const char* type_key() const final {
    return "VirtualMachine";
  }

  VirtualMachine() : frames_(), func_index_(0), code_(nullptr), pc_(0), exec_(nullptr) {}

  /*!
   * \brief load the executable for the virtual machine.
   * \param exec The executable.
   */
  virtual void LoadExecutable(const Executable* exec);

 protected:
  /*! \brief The virtual machine's packed function table. */
  std::vector<PackedFunc> packed_funcs_;
  /*! \brief The current stack of call frames. */
  std::vector<VMFrame> frames_;
  /*! \brief The fuction table index of the current function. */
  Index func_index_;
  /*! \brief The current pointer to the code section. */
  const Instruction* code_;
  /*! \brief The virtual machine PC. */
  Index pc_;
  /*! \brief The special return register. */
  ObjectRef return_register_;
  /*! \brief The executable the VM will operate on. */
  const Executable* exec_;
  /*! \brief The function name to inputs mapping. */
  std::unordered_map<std::string, std::vector<ObjectRef>> inputs_;
  /*! \brief The set of TVM contexts the VM is currently executing on. */
  std::vector<TVMContext> ctxs_;

  /*! \brief Push a call frame on to the call stack. */
  void PushFrame(Index arg_count, Index ret_pc, const VMFunction& vm_func);

  /*!
   * \brief Pop a frame off the call stack.
   * \return The number of frames left.
   */
  Index PopFrame();

  /*!
   * \brief Write to a VM register.
   * \param reg The register to write to.
   * \param obj The object to write to.
   */
  inline void WriteRegister(RegName reg, const ObjectRef& obj);

  /*!
   * \brief Read a VM register.
   * \param reg The register to read from.
   * \return The read object.
   */
  inline ObjectRef ReadRegister(RegName reg) const;

  /*!
   * \brief Read a VM register and cast it to int32_t
   * \param reg The register to read from.
   * \return The read scalar.
   */
  int32_t LoadScalarInt(RegName reg) const;

  /*!
   * \brief Invoke a VM function.
   * \param func The function.
   * \param args The arguments to the function.
   * \return The object representing the result.
   */
  ObjectRef Invoke(const VMFunction& func, const std::vector<ObjectRef>& args);

  // TODO(@jroesch): I really would like this to be a global variable.
  /*!
   * \brief Invoke a VM function by name.
   * \param name The function's name.
   * \param args The arguments to the function.
   * \return The object representing the result.
   */
  ObjectRef Invoke(const std::string& name, const std::vector<ObjectRef>& args);

  /*!
   * \brief Invoke a PackedFunction
   *
   * \param packed_index The offset of the PackedFunction in all functions.
   * \param func The PackedFunction to be invoked.
   * \param arg_count The number of arguments to the PackedFunction.
   * \param output_size The number of outputs of the PackedFunction.
   * \param args Arguments to the PackedFunction.
   *
   * \note The return value will be stored in the last output_size slots of args.
   */
  virtual void InvokePacked(Index packed_index,
                            const PackedFunc& func,
                            Index arg_count,
                            Index output_size,
                            const std::vector<ObjectRef>& args);

  /*!
   * \brief Initialize the virtual machine for a set of contexts.
   * \param contexts The set of TVM contexts.
   */
  void Init(const std::vector<TVMContext>& contexts);

  /*! \brief Run VM dispatch loop. */
  void RunLoop();

  /*! \brief Get device context for params. */
  TVMContext GetParamsContext() const;

 private:
  /*!
   * \brief Invoke a global setting up the VM state to execute.
   *
   * This does not begin execution of the VM.
   */
  void InvokeGlobal(const VMFunction& func, const std::vector<ObjectRef>& args);

  /*!
   * \brief The constant pool for runtime. It caches the device dependent
   * object to avoid rellocation of constants during inference.
   */
  std::vector<ObjectRef> const_pool_;
};

}  // namespace vm
}  // namespace runtime
}  // namespace tvm

#endif  // TVM_RUNTIME_VM_H_
