# Porting to libstdc++-v3

- Namespaces std
- File-flags: `ios::nocreate` and `ios::noreplace`
- The new headers
- Iterator-changes
- Libc-macros
- Comments, suggestions, corrections, questions...

In the following, when I say portable, I will refer to "portable among ISO 14882-implementations". On the other hand, if I say "backportable" or "conservative", I am talking about "compiles with older libstdc++-implementations".

## Namespace std::

The latest C++-standard (ISO-14882) requires that the standard C++-library is defined in namespace std::. Thus, to use classes from the standard c++ library, you can do one of three things:

- wrap your code in `namespace std { ... }` => This is not an option because only symbols from the standard c++-library are defined in namespace std::.
- put a kind of using-declaration in your source (either `using namespace std;` or i.e. `using std::string;`) => works well for source-files, but cannot be used in header-files
- use a fully qualified name for each libstdc++-symbol (i.e. `std::string`, `std::cout`) => can always be used

Because there are many compilers which still use an implementation that does not have the standard C++-library in namespace `std::`, some care is required to support these as well.

Namespace back-portability-issues are generally not a problem with g++, because versions of g++ that do not have libstdc++ in `std::` use `-fno-honor-std` (ignore `std::`, `:: = std::`) by default. That is, the responsibility for enabling or disabling `std::` is on the user; the maintainer does not have to care about it. This probably applies to some other compilers as well.

The following sections list some possible solutions to support compilers that cannot ignore std::.

### Using namespace composition if the project uses a separate namespace

Gtk-- defines most of its classes in namespace Gtk::. Thus, it was possible to adapt Gtk-- to namespace std:: by using a C++-feature called namespace composition. This is what happens if you put a using-declaration into a namespace-definition: the imported symbol(s) gets imported into the currently active namespace(s). For example:

    namespace Gtk {
    	using std::string;
    	class Window { ... }
    }

In this example, `std::string` gets imported into namespace Gtk::. The result is that you don't have to use `std::string` in this header, but still `std::string` does not get imported into user-space (the global namespace ::) unless the user does `using namespace Gtk;` (which is not recommended practice for Gtk--, so it is not a problem). Additionally, the `using`-declarations are wrapped in macros that are set based on autoconf-tests to either "" or i.e. `using std::string;` (depending on whether the system has libstdc++ in `std::` or not). (ideas from llewelly@dbritsch.dsl.xmission.com, Karl Nelson )

### Defining an empty namespace std

By defining an (empty) namespace `std::` before using it, you can avoid getting errors on systems where no part of the library is in namespace std:

    namespace std { }
    using namespace std;

### Avoid to use fully qualified names (i.e. std::string)

If some compilers complain about `using std::string;`, and if the "hack" for gtk-- mentioned above does not work, then it might be a good idea to define a macro `NS_STD`, which is defined to either "" or "std" based on an autoconf-test. Then you should be able to use `NS_STD::string`, which will evaluate to `::string` ("string in the global namespace") on systems that do not put string in std::. (This is untested)

### How some open-source-projects deal with this

clanlib | usual
pingus | usual
mozilla | usual
mnemonic | none
libsigc++ | conservative-impl

Notations for categories
usual | mostly fully qualified names and some using-declarations (but not in headers)
none | no namespace std at all
conservative-impl | wrap all namespace-handling in macros to support compilers without namespace-support (no libstdc++ used in headers)

As you can see, this currently lacks an example of a project which uses libstdc++-symbols in headers in a back-portable way (except for the Gtk-- "hack").

## there is no ios::nocreate/ios::noreplace in ISO 14882

I have seen `ios::nocreate` being used for input-streams, most probably because the authors thought it would be more correct to specify nocreate "explicitly". So you can simply leave it out for input-streams.

For output streams, "nocreate" is probably the default, unless you specify `std::ios::trunc` ? To be safe, you can open the file for reading, check if it has been opened, and then decide whether you want to create/replace or not. To my knowledge, even older implementations support `app`, `ate` and `trunc` (except for `app` ?).

## `stream::attach(int fd)` is not in the standard any more

With libstdc++-v3, you can use

    basic_filebuf(int __fd, const char*__name, ios_base::openmode __mode)

For a portable solution (if there is one), you need to implement a subclass of `streambuf` which opens a file given a descriptor, and then pass an instance of this to the stream-constructor (from the Josuttis-book).

## The new headers

The new headers can be seen in this source file.

I think it is a problem for libstdc++-v3 to add links or wrappers for the old headers, because the implementation has changed, and the header-name-changes indicate this. It might be preferable to use the new headers and tell users of old compilers that they should create links (which is what they will have to do sometime anyway).

### New headers replacing C-headers

You should not use the C-headers (except for system-level headers) from C++ programs. Instead, you should use a set of headers that are named by prepending 'c' and, as usual, ommiting the extension (.h). For example, instead of using `<math.h>`, you should use `<cmath>`. The standard specifies that if you include the C-style header (`<math.h>` in this case), the symbols will be available both in the global namespace and in namespace `std::` (libstdc++-v3, version 2.90.8 currently puts them in `std::` only) On the other hand, if you include only the new header (i.e. `<cmath>`), the symbols will only be defined in namespace `std::` (and macros will be converted to inline-functions).

For more information on this, and for information on how the GNU C++ implementation reuses ("shadows") the C library-functions, have a look at www.cantrip.org.

### `<fstream>` does not define `std::cout`, `std::cin` etc.

In previous versions of the standard, `<fstream.h>`, `<ostream.h>` and `<istream.h>` used to define `cout`, `cin` and so on. Because of the templatized iostreams in libstdc++-v3, you need to include `<iostream>` explicitly to define these.

## Iterators

The following are not proper uses of iterators, but may be working fixes for existing uses of iterators.

- you cannot do `ostream::operator<<(iterator)` to print the address of the iterator => use `<< &*iterator` instead ?
- you cannot clear an iterator's reference (`iterator = 0`) => use `iterator = iterator_type();` ?
- `if (iterator)` won't work any more => use `if (iterator != iterator_type())` ?

## Libc-macros (i.e. `isspace` from `<cctype>`)

Glibc 2.0.x and 2.1.x define the `<ctype.h>`-functionality as macros (isspace, isalpha etc.). Libstdc++-v3 "shadows" these macros as described in the section on C-headers.

Older implementations of libstdc++ (g++-2 for egcs 1.x and g++-3 for gcc 2.95.2), however, keep these functions as macros, and so it is not back-portable to use fully qualified names. For example:

    #include <cctype>
    int main() { std::isspace('X'); }

will result in something like this (unless using g++-v3):

    std:: (__ctype_b[(int) ( ( 'X' ) )] & (unsigned short int)   _ISspace )  ;

Another problem arises if you put a `using namespace std;` declaration at the top, and include `<ctype.h>`. This will result in ambiguities between the definitions in the global namespace (`<ctype.h>`) and the definitions in namespace `std::` (`<cctype>`).

One solution I can think of is to test for -v3 using autoconf-macros, and define macros for each of the C-functions (maybe that is possible with one "wrapper" macro as well ?).

Another solution which would fix g++ is to tell the user to modify a header-file so that g++-2 (egcs 1.x) and g++-3 (gcc 2.95.2) enable a macro which tells <ctype.h> to define functions instead of macros:

    // This keeps isanum, et al from being propagated as macros.
    #if __linux__
    #define __NO_CTYPE 1
    #endif

    [ now include <ctype.h> ]

## About...

Please send any experience, additions, corrections or questions to fnatter@gmx.net or for discussion to the libstdc++-v3-mailing-list.