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*: Regenerate. 

2013-02-11  Benjamin Kosnik  <bkoz@redhat.com>

	* doc/html/*: Regenerate.

From-SVN: r195959
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libstdc++-v3/ChangeLog
2013-02-11 Benjamin Kosnik <bkoz@redhat.com>
* doc/html/*: Regenerate.
2013-02-11 Jason Merrill <jason@redhat.com> 2013-02-11 Jason Merrill <jason@redhat.com>
* linkage.m4 (GLIBCXX_CHECK_STDLIB_DECL_AND_LINKAGE): New. * linkage.m4 (GLIBCXX_CHECK_STDLIB_DECL_AND_LINKAGE): New.
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/api.html
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>The GNU C++ Library API Reference</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="bk03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The GNU C++ Library API Reference</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"></th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="article"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="api"></a>The GNU C++ Library API Reference</h1></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright ©
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>The GNU C++ Library API Reference</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="prev" href="bk02.html" title="" /><link rel="next" href="bk03.html" title="" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">The GNU C++ Library API Reference</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bk02.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"></th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bk03.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="article" title="The GNU C++ Library API Reference"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="api"></a>The GNU C++ Library API Reference</h2></div><div><p class="copyright">Copyright ©
2008 2008
, ,
2010 2010
<a class="link" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">FSF <a class="link" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">FSF
</a> </a>
</p></div><div><div class="legalnotice" title="Legal Notice"><a id="idp3096592"></a><p> </p></div><div><div class="legalnotice"><a id="idp4024576"></a><p>
<a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">License <a class="link" href="manual/license.html" title="License">License
</a> </a>
</p></div></div></div><hr /></div><p> </p></div></div></div><hr /></div><p>
...@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ ...@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@
particular include file, looking at inheritance diagrams, etc. particular include file, looking at inheritance diagrams, etc.
</p><p> </p><p>
The API documentation, rendered into HTML, can be viewed online: The API documentation, rendered into HTML, can be viewed online:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
<a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-3.4/index.html" target="_top">for the 3.4 release <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/libstdc++-html-USERS-3.4/index.html" target="_top">for the 3.4 release
</a> </a>
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/algorithms.html
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 11.  Algorithms</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library, algorithm" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="std_contents.html" title="Part II.  Standard Contents" /><link rel="prev" href="iterators.html" title="Chapter 10.  Iterators" /><link rel="next" href="numerics.html" title="Chapter 12.  Numerics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 11. 
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Algorithms Algorithms
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II.  </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="iterators.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part II. 
Standard Contents Standard Contents
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 11.  Algorithms"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.algorithms"></a>Chapter 11.  </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.algorithms"></a>Chapter 11. 
Algorithms Algorithms
<a id="idp16340352" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp16191728" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="algorithms.html#std.algorithms.mutating">Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="algorithms.html#algorithms.mutating.swap"><code class="function">swap</code></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="algorithms.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div><p> </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="algorithms.html#std.algorithms.mutating">Mutating</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="algorithms.html#algorithms.mutating.swap"><code class="function">swap</code></a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="algorithms.html#algorithms.swap.specializations">Specializations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
The neatest accomplishment of the algorithms section is that all the The neatest accomplishment of the algorithms section is that all the
work is done via iterators, not containers directly. This means two work is done via iterators, not containers directly. This means two
...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ ...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@
to cause so much confusion. Once you to cause so much confusion. Once you
get <span class="emphasis"><em>range</em></span> into your head (it's not that hard, get <span class="emphasis"><em>range</em></span> into your head (it's not that hard,
honest!), then the algorithms are a cakewalk. honest!), then the algorithms are a cakewalk.
</p><div class="section" title="Mutating"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.algorithms.mutating"></a>Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="swap"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h3></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Specializations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.algorithms.mutating"></a>Mutating</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="algorithms.mutating.swap"></a><code class="function">swap</code></h3></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="algorithms.swap.specializations"></a>Specializations</h4></div></div></div><p>If you call <code class="code"> std::swap(x,y); </code> where x and y are standard
containers, then the call will automatically be replaced by a call to containers, then the call will automatically be replaced by a call to
<code class="code"> x.swap(y); </code> instead. <code class="code"> x.swap(y); </code> instead.
</p><p>This allows member functions of each container class to take over, and </p><p>This allows member functions of each container class to take over, and
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/appendix.html
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Appendices Appendices
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Appendices Appendices
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_contributing.html">A. </h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="appendix"><a href="appendix_contributing.html">A.
Contributing Contributing
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/appendix_contributing.html
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Contributing Contributing
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Appendices Appendices
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" title="Appendix A.  Contributing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="appendix.contrib"></a> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_organization.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="appendix.contrib"></a>
Contributing Contributing
<a id="idp22032016" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp21874656" class="indexterm"></a>
</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> </h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#contrib.list">Contributor Checklist</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.reading">Reading</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.copyright">Assignment</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.getting">Getting Sources</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="appendix_contributing.html#list.patches">Submitting Patches</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_organization.html">Directory Layout and Source Conventions</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_code_style.html">Coding Style</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.bad_identifiers">Bad Identifiers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_code_style.html#coding_style.example">By Example</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="source_design_notes.html">Design Notes</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
The GNU C++ Library follows an open development model. Active The GNU C++ Library follows an open development model. Active
contributors are assigned maintainer-ship responsibility, and given contributors are assigned maintainer-ship responsibility, and given
write access to the source repository. First time contributors write access to the source repository. First time contributors
should follow this procedure: should follow this procedure:
</p><div class="section" title="Contributor Checklist"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.list"></a>Contributor Checklist</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Reading"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.reading"></a>Reading</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.list"></a>Contributor Checklist</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.reading"></a>Reading</h3></div></div></div><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
Get and read the relevant sections of the C++ language Get and read the relevant sections of the C++ language
specification. Copies of the full ISO 14882 standard are specification. Copies of the full ISO 14882 standard are
available on line via the ISO mirror site for committee available on line via the ISO mirror site for committee
...@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@ ...@@ -48,7 +47,7 @@
And last but certainly not least, read the And last but certainly not least, read the
library-specific information found in library-specific information found in
<a class="link" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance">Porting and Maintenance</a>. <a class="link" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance">Porting and Maintenance</a>.
</p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" title="Assignment"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.copyright"></a>Assignment</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></li></ul></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.copyright"></a>Assignment</h3></div></div></div><p>
Small changes can be accepted without a copyright assignment form on Small changes can be accepted without a copyright assignment form on
file. New code and additions to the library need completed copyright file. New code and additions to the library need completed copyright
assignment form on file at the FSF. Note: your employer may be required assignment form on file at the FSF. Note: your employer may be required
...@@ -75,14 +74,14 @@ ...@@ -75,14 +74,14 @@
requesting an assignment form from requesting an assignment form from
<code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:mailto:assign@gnu.org">mailto:assign@gnu.org</a>&gt;</code>, please cc the libstdc++ <code class="email">&lt;<a class="email" href="mailto:mailto:assign@gnu.org">mailto:assign@gnu.org</a>&gt;</code>, please cc the libstdc++
maintainer above so that progress can be monitored. maintainer above so that progress can be monitored.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Getting Sources"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.getting"></a>Getting Sources</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.getting"></a>Getting Sources</h3></div></div></div><p>
<a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svnwrite.html" target="_top">Getting write access <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/svnwrite.html" target="_top">Getting write access
(look for "Write after approval")</a> (look for "Write after approval")</a>
</p></div><div class="section" title="Submitting Patches"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.patches"></a>Submitting Patches</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="list.patches"></a>Submitting Patches</h3></div></div></div><p>
Every patch must have several pieces of information before it can be Every patch must have several pieces of information before it can be
properly evaluated. Ideally (and to ensure the fastest possible properly evaluated. Ideally (and to ensure the fastest possible
response from the maintainers) it would have all of these pieces: response from the maintainers) it would have all of these pieces:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
A description of the bug and how your patch fixes this A description of the bug and how your patch fixes this
bug. For new features a description of the feature and your bug. For new features a description of the feature and your
implementation. implementation.
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Free Software Needs Free Documentation Free Software Needs Free Documentation
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Appendices Appendices
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Free Software Needs Free Documentation Free Software Needs Free Documentation
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</h1></div></div></div><p> </h1></div></div></div><p>
The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the The biggest deficiency in free operating systems is not in the
software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in software--it is the lack of good free manuals that we can include in
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Appendices Appendices
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix" title="Appendix E. GNU Free Documentation License"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="appendix.gfdl-1.3"></a>GNU Free Documentation License</h1></div></div></div><p>Version 1.3, 3 November 2008</p><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="../bk02.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="appendix"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="appendix.gfdl-1.3"></a>GNU Free Documentation License</h1></div></div></div><p>Version 1.3, 3 November 2008</p><p>
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008
<a class="link" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">Free Software Foundation, Inc.</a> <a class="link" href="http://www.fsf.org/" target="_top">Free Software Foundation, Inc.</a>
</p><p> </p><p>
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<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3 <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_free.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV.  </th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="appendix_free.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part IV. 
Appendices Appendices
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<acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3 <acronym class="acronym">GNU</acronym> General Public License version 3
</h1></div></div></div><p> </h1></div></div></div><p>
Version 3, 29 June 2007 Version 3, 29 June 2007
...@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@ ...@@ -78,7 +77,7 @@
</p><p> </p><p>
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and modification
follow. follow.
</p><h2><a id="idp23622768"></a> </p><h2><a id="idp23465680"></a>
TERMS AND CONDITIONS TERMS AND CONDITIONS
</h2><h2><a id="gpl-3-definitions"></a> </h2><h2><a id="gpl-3-definitions"></a>
0. Definitions. 0. Definitions.
...@@ -619,7 +618,7 @@ ...@@ -619,7 +618,7 @@
waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a waiver of all civil liability in connection with the Program, unless a
warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in warranty or assumption of liability accompanies a copy of the Program in
return for a fee. return for a fee.
</p><h2><a id="idp23721696"></a> </p><h2><a id="idp23564608"></a>
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
</h2><h2><a id="HowToApply"></a> </h2><h2><a id="HowToApply"></a>
How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
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Containers Containers
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Associative"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.containers.associative"></a>Associative</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Insertion Hints"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="containers.associative.insert_hints"></a>Insertion Hints</h3></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="unordered_associative.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.containers.associative"></a>Associative</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="containers.associative.insert_hints"></a>Insertion Hints</h3></div></div></div><p>
Section [23.1.2], Table 69, of the C++ standard lists this Section [23.1.2], Table 69, of the C++ standard lists this
function for all of the associative containers (map, set, etc): function for all of the associative containers (map, set, etc):
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
...@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ ...@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@
paragraph. *grin* paragraph. *grin*
</p><p> </p><p>
If the <code class="code">hint</code> parameter ('p' above) is equivalent to: If the <code class="code">hint</code> parameter ('p' above) is equivalent to:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
<code class="code">begin()</code>, then the item being inserted should <code class="code">begin()</code>, then the item being inserted should
have a key less than all the other keys in the container. have a key less than all the other keys in the container.
The item will be inserted at the beginning of the container, The item will be inserted at the beginning of the container,
...@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ ...@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@
the new item would in fact belong there. If the hint does not the new item would in fact belong there. If the hint does not
point to the correct place, then no further local searching is point to the correct place, then no further local searching is
done; the search begins from scratch in logarithmic time. done; the search begins from scratch in logarithmic time.
</p></div><div class="section" title="bitset"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="containers.associative.bitset"></a>bitset</h3></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Size Variable"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.size_variable"></a>Size Variable</h4></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="containers.associative.bitset"></a>bitset</h3></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.size_variable"></a>Size Variable</h4></div></div></div><p>
No, you cannot write code of the form No, you cannot write code of the form
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;bitset&gt; #include &lt;bitset&gt;
...@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@ ...@@ -102,7 +101,7 @@
There are a couple of ways to handle this kind of thing. Please There are a couple of ways to handle this kind of thing. Please
consider all of them before passing judgement. They include, in consider all of them before passing judgement. They include, in
no chaptericular order: no chaptericular order:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>A very large N in <code class="code">bitset&lt;N&gt;</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A container&lt;bool&gt;.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Extremely weird solutions.</p></li></ul></div><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>A very large N in <code class="code">bitset&lt;N&gt;</code>.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>A container&lt;bool&gt;.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Extremely weird solutions.</p></li></ul></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>A very large N in <span class="emphasis"><em>A very large N in
<code class="code">bitset&lt;N&gt;</code>.  </em></span> It has been <code class="code">bitset&lt;N&gt;</code>.  </em></span> It has been
pointed out a few times in newsgroups that N bits only takes up pointed out a few times in newsgroups that N bits only takes up
...@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@ ...@@ -169,7 +168,7 @@
</p><p> </p><p>
Also note that the implementation of bitset used in libstdc++ has Also note that the implementation of bitset used in libstdc++ has
<a class="link" href="ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.sgi" title="Backwards Compatibility">some extensions</a>. <a class="link" href="ext_containers.html#manual.ext.containers.sgi" title="Backwards Compatibility">some extensions</a>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Type String"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.type_string"></a>Type String</h4></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="associative.bitset.type_string"></a>Type String</h4></div></div></div><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
Bitmasks do not take char* nor const char* arguments in their Bitmasks do not take char* nor const char* arguments in their
constructors. This is something of an accident, but you can read constructors. This is something of an accident, but you can read
...@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@ ...@@ -186,7 +185,7 @@
instead of instead of
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
std::bitset&lt;5&gt; b ( <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">10110</span>”</span> ); // invalid std::bitset&lt;5&gt; b ( <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">10110</span>”</span> ); // invalid
</pre></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="containers.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 9.  </pre></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="containers.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="unordered_associative.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 9. 
Containers Containers
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Atomics Atomics
<a id="idp16540720" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp16390272" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="atomics.html#std.atomics.api">API Reference</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="atomics.html#std.atomics.api">API Reference</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
Facilities for atomic operations. Facilities for atomic operations.
</p><div class="section" title="API Reference"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.atomics.api"></a>API Reference</h2></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.atomics.api"></a>API Reference</h2></div></div></div><p>
All items are declared in the standard header All items are declared in the standard header
file <code class="filename">atomic</code>. file <code class="filename">atomic</code>.
</p><p> </p><p>
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/bitmap_allocator.html
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</p><div class="section" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.bitmap.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.bitmap.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
As this name suggests, this allocator uses a bit-map to keep track As this name suggests, this allocator uses a bit-map to keep track
of the used and unused memory locations for its book-keeping of the used and unused memory locations for its book-keeping
purposes. purposes.
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Bugs</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="license.html" title="License" /><link rel="next" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Bugs</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="license.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="setup.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Bugs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs"></a>Bugs</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Implementation Bugs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.impl"></a>Implementation Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
Information on known bugs, details on efforts to fix them, and Information on known bugs, details on efforts to fix them, and
fixed bugs are all available as part of the <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs/" target="_top">GCC bug tracking system</a>, fixed bugs are all available as part of the <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs/" target="_top">GCC bug tracking system</a>,
with the category set to <code class="literal">libstdc++</code>. with the category set to <code class="literal">libstdc++</code>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Standard Bugs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.iso"></a>Standard Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.bugs.iso"></a>Standard Bugs</h3></div></div></div><p>
Everybody's got issues. Even the C++ Standard Library. Everybody's got issues. Even the C++ Standard Library.
</p><p> </p><p>
The Library Working Group, or LWG, is the ISO subcommittee responsible The Library Working Group, or LWG, is the ISO subcommittee responsible
...@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@ ...@@ -35,7 +34,7 @@
<code class="constant">_GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS</code> for examples <code class="constant">_GLIBCXX_RESOLVE_LIB_DEFECTS</code> for examples
of style. Note that we usually do not make changes to the of style. Note that we usually do not make changes to the
code until an issue has reached <a class="link" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#DR" target="_top">DR</a> status. code until an issue has reached <a class="link" href="../ext/lwg-active.html#DR" target="_top">DR</a> status.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#5" target="_top">5</a>: </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#5" target="_top">5</a>:
<span class="emphasis"><em>string::compare specification questionable</em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>string::compare specification questionable</em></span>
</span></dt><dd><p>This should be two overloaded functions rather than a single function. </span></dt><dd><p>This should be two overloaded functions rather than a single function.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#17" target="_top">17</a>: </p></dd><dt><span class="term"><a class="link" href="../ext/lwg-defects.html#17" target="_top">17</a>:
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Diagnostics Diagnostics
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Concept Checking"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.diagnostics.concept_checking"></a>Concept Checking</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.diagnostics.concept_checking"></a>Concept Checking</h2></div></div></div><p>
In 1999, SGI added <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">concept checkers</span>”</span> to their In 1999, SGI added <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">concept checkers</span>”</span> to their
implementation of the STL: code which checked the template implementation of the STL: code which checked the template
parameters of instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure parameters of instantiated pieces of the STL, in order to insure
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Concurrency Concurrency
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Standard Contents Standard Contents
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Concurrency Concurrency
<a id="idp16555088" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp16404160" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="concurrency.html#std.concurrency.api">API Reference</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="concurrency.html#std.concurrency.api">API Reference</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
Facilities for concurrent operation, and control thereof. Facilities for concurrent operation, and control thereof.
</p><div class="section" title="API Reference"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.concurrency.api"></a>API Reference</h2></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.concurrency.api"></a>API Reference</h2></div></div></div><p>
All items are declared in one of four standard header files. All items are declared in one of four standard header files.
</p><p> </p><p>
In header <code class="filename">mutex</code>, class In header <code class="filename">mutex</code>, class
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Configure</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, configure, options" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="next" href="make.html" title="Make" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Configure</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="setup.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="make.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Configure"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.configure"></a>Configure</h2></div></div></div><p>
When configuring libstdc++, you'll have to configure the entire When configuring libstdc++, you'll have to configure the entire
<span class="emphasis"><em>gccsrcdir</em></span> directory. Consider using the <span class="emphasis"><em>gccsrcdir</em></span> directory. Consider using the
toplevel gcc configuration option toplevel gcc configuration option
...@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ ...@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@
</p><p>The canonical way to find out the configure options that are </p><p>The canonical way to find out the configure options that are
available for a given set of libstdc++ sources is to go to the available for a given set of libstdc++ sources is to go to the
source directory and then type: <span class="command"><strong>./configure --help</strong></span>. source directory and then type: <span class="command"><strong>./configure --help</strong></span>.
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">--enable-multilib</code>[default]</span></dt><dd><p>This is part of the generic multilib support for building cross </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term"><code class="code">--enable-multilib</code>[default]</span></dt><dd><p>This is part of the generic multilib support for building cross
compilers. As such, targets like "powerpc-elf" will have compilers. As such, targets like "powerpc-elf" will have
libstdc++ built many different ways: "-msoft-float" libstdc++ built many different ways: "-msoft-float"
and not, etc. A different libstdc++ will be built for each of and not, etc. A different libstdc++ will be built for each of
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<a id="idp16198560" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp16037648" class="indexterm"></a>
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Yes it is, and that's okay. This is a decision that we preserved Yes it is, and that's okay. This is a decision that we preserved
when we imported SGI's STL implementation. The following is when we imported SGI's STL implementation. The following is
quoted from <a class="link" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/FAQ.html" target="_top">their FAQ</a>: quoted from <a class="link" href="http://www.sgi.com/tech/stl/FAQ.html" target="_top">their FAQ</a>:
...@@ -42,8 +41,8 @@ ...@@ -42,8 +41,8 @@
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
if (L.empty()) if (L.empty())
... ...
</pre></blockquote></div></div></div><div class="section" title="vector"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="containers.sequences.vector"></a>vector</h3></div></div></div><p> </pre></blockquote></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="containers.sequences.vector"></a>vector</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="section" title="Space Overhead Management"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="sequences.vector.management"></a>Space Overhead Management</h4></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="sequences.vector.management"></a>Space Overhead Management</h4></div></div></div><p>
In <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2002-04/msg00105.html" target="_top">this In <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/2002-04/msg00105.html" target="_top">this
message to the list</a>, Daniel Kostecky announced work on an message to the list</a>, Daniel Kostecky announced work on an
alternate form of <code class="code">std::vector</code> that would support alternate form of <code class="code">std::vector</code> that would support
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You're writing some code and can't decide whether to use builtin You're writing some code and can't decide whether to use builtin
arrays or some kind of container. There are compelling reasons arrays or some kind of container. There are compelling reasons
to use one of the container classes, but you're afraid that to use one of the container classes, but you're afraid that
...@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ template&lt;typename T, unsigned int sz&gt; ...@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ template&lt;typename T, unsigned int sz&gt;
inline unsigned int lengthof (T (&amp;)[sz]) { return sz; } inline unsigned int lengthof (T (&amp;)[sz]) { return sz; }
</pre><p> </pre><p>
looks just weird! Hint: unused parameters can be left nameless. looks just weird! Hint: unused parameters can be left nameless.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="associative.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Associative </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 10.  </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="unordered_associative.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Unordered Associative </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 10. 
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Debugging Support</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, debug" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /><link rel="prev" href="using_exceptions.html" title="Exceptions" /><link rel="next" href="std_contents.html" title="Part II.  Standard Contents" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Debugging Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 3. Using</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="std_contents.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Debugging Support"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.using.debug"></a>Debugging Support</h2></div></div></div><p>
There are numerous things that can be done to improve the ease with There are numerous things that can be done to improve the ease with
which C++ binaries are debugged when using the GNU tool chain. Here which C++ binaries are debugged when using the GNU tool chain. Here
are some of them. are some of them.
</p><div class="section" title="Using g++"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compiler"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compiler"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>g++</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p>
Compiler flags determine how debug information is transmitted Compiler flags determine how debug information is transmitted
between compilation and debug or analysis tools. between compilation and debug or analysis tools.
</p><p> </p><p>
...@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@ ...@@ -31,7 +30,7 @@
Many other options are available: please see <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Debugging-Options.html#Debugging%20Options" target="_top">"Options Many other options are available: please see <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Debugging-Options.html#Debugging%20Options" target="_top">"Options
for Debugging Your Program"</a> in Using the GNU Compiler for Debugging Your Program"</a> in Using the GNU Compiler
Collection (GCC) for a complete list. Collection (GCC) for a complete list.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Debug Versions of Library Binary Files"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.req"></a>Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.req"></a>Debug Versions of Library Binary Files</h3></div></div></div><p>
If you would like debug symbols in libstdc++, there are two ways to If you would like debug symbols in libstdc++, there are two ways to
build libstdc++ with debug flags. The first is to create a separate build libstdc++ with debug flags. The first is to create a separate
debug build by running make from the top-level of a tree debug build by running make from the top-level of a tree
...@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ ...@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@
</pre><p> </pre><p>
This quick and dirty approach is often sufficient for quick This quick and dirty approach is often sufficient for quick
debugging tasks, when you cannot or don't want to recompile your debugging tasks, when you cannot or don't want to recompile your
application to use the <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 17. Debug Mode">debug mode</a>.</p></div><div class="section" title="Memory Leak Hunting"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.memory"></a>Memory Leak Hunting</h3></div></div></div><p> application to use the <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 17. Debug Mode">debug mode</a>.</p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.memory"></a>Memory Leak Hunting</h3></div></div></div><p>
There are various third party memory tracing and debug utilities There are various third party memory tracing and debug utilities
that can be used to provide detailed memory allocation information that can be used to provide detailed memory allocation information
about C++ code. An exhaustive list of tools is not going to be about C++ code. An exhaustive list of tools is not going to be
...@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@ ...@@ -122,7 +121,7 @@
up the runtime environment, library, and test file, might be: up the runtime environment, library, and test file, might be:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
valgrind -v --num-callers=20 --leak-check=yes --leak-resolution=high --show-reachable=yes a.out valgrind -v --num-callers=20 --leak-check=yes --leak-resolution=high --show-reachable=yes a.out
</pre></div><div class="section" title="Data Race Hunting"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.races"></a>Data Race Hunting</h3></div></div></div><p> </pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.races"></a>Data Race Hunting</h3></div></div></div><p>
All synchronization primitives used in the library internals need to be All synchronization primitives used in the library internals need to be
understood by race detectors so that they do not produce false reports. understood by race detectors so that they do not produce false reports.
</p><p> </p><p>
...@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ ...@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@
#define _GLIBCXX_SYNCHRONIZATION_HAPPENS_AFTER(A) ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_AFTER(A) #define _GLIBCXX_SYNCHRONIZATION_HAPPENS_AFTER(A) ANNOTATE_HAPPENS_AFTER(A)
</pre><p> </pre><p>
Refer to the documentation of each particular tool for details. Refer to the documentation of each particular tool for details.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Using gdb"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.gdb"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.gdb"></a>Using <span class="command"><strong>gdb</strong></span></h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p> </p><p>
Many options are available for GDB itself: please see <a class="link" href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/" target="_top"> Many options are available for GDB itself: please see <a class="link" href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/" target="_top">
"GDB features for C++" </a> in the GDB documentation. Also "GDB features for C++" </a> in the GDB documentation. Also
...@@ -225,16 +224,16 @@ ...@@ -225,16 +224,16 @@
on-line versions of the GDB user manual in GDB's homepage, at on-line versions of the GDB user manual in GDB's homepage, at
<a class="link" href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/" target="_top"> "GDB: The GNU Project <a class="link" href="http://sourceware.org/gdb/" target="_top"> "GDB: The GNU Project
Debugger" </a>. Debugger" </a>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Tracking uncaught exceptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.exceptions"></a>Tracking uncaught exceptions</h3></div></div></div><p>
The <a class="link" href="termination.html#support.termination.verbose" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose The <a class="link" href="termination.html#support.termination.verbose" title="Verbose Terminate Handler">verbose
termination handler</a> gives information about uncaught termination handler</a> gives information about uncaught
exceptions which are killing the program. It is described in the exceptions which are killing the program. It is described in the
linked-to page. linked-to page.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Debug Mode"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.debug_mode"></a>Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 17. Debug Mode">Debug Mode</a> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.debug_mode"></a>Debug Mode</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 17. Debug Mode">Debug Mode</a>
has compile and run-time checks for many containers. has compile and run-time checks for many containers.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Compile Time Checking"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 16. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.compile_time_checks"></a>Compile Time Checking</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="ext_compile_checks.html" title="Chapter 16. Compile Time Checks">Compile-Time
Checks</a> Extension has compile-time checks for many algorithms. Checks</a> Extension has compile-time checks for many algorithms.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Profile-based Performance Analysis"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.profile_mode"></a>Profile-based Performance Analysis</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode">Profile-based </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="debug.profile_mode"></a>Profile-based Performance Analysis</h3></div></div></div><p> The <a class="link" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode">Profile-based
Performance Analysis</a> Extension has performance checks for many Performance Analysis</a> Extension has performance checks for many
algorithms. algorithms.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="std_contents.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II.  </p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="using_exceptions.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="using.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="std_contents.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Exceptions </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Part II. 
......
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debug-mode components</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="debug_mode_design.html#methods.coexistence.alt">Alternatives for Coexistence</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="debug_mode_design.html#debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" title="Intro"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p> debug-mode components</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="debug_mode_design.html#methods.coexistence.alt">Alternatives for Coexistence</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="debug_mode_design.html#debug_mode.design.other">Other Implementations</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>
By default, libstdc++ is built with efficiency in mind, and By default, libstdc++ is built with efficiency in mind, and
therefore performs little or no error checking that is not therefore performs little or no error checking that is not
required by the C++ standard. This means that programs that required by the C++ standard. This means that programs that
...@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@ ...@@ -21,7 +20,7 @@
The libstdc++ debug mode performs checking for many areas of the The libstdc++ debug mode performs checking for many areas of the
C++ standard, but the focus is on checking interactions among C++ standard, but the focus is on checking interactions among
standard iterators, containers, and algorithms, including: standard iterators, containers, and algorithms, including:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Safe iterators</em></span>: Iterators keep track of the </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="emphasis"><em>Safe iterators</em></span>: Iterators keep track of the
container whose elements they reference, so errors such as container whose elements they reference, so errors such as
incrementing a past-the-end iterator or dereferencing an iterator incrementing a past-the-end iterator or dereferencing an iterator
that points to a container that has been destructed are diagnosed that points to a container that has been destructed are diagnosed
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Semantics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, debug" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 17. Debug Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="debug_mode.html" title="Chapter 17. Debug Mode" /><link rel="next" href="debug_mode_using.html" title="Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Semantics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="debug_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 17. Debug Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode_using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Semantics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.debug_mode.semantics"></a>Semantics</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>A program that uses the C++ standard library correctly </p><p>A program that uses the C++ standard library correctly
will maintain the same semantics under debug mode as it had with will maintain the same semantics under debug mode as it had with
the normal (release) library. All functional and exception-handling the normal (release) library. All functional and exception-handling
...@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@ ...@@ -36,7 +35,7 @@
(N.B. In GCC 3.4.x and 4.0.0, due to a bug, (N.B. In GCC 3.4.x and 4.0.0, due to a bug,
<code class="code">-D_GLIBXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC</code> was also needed. The problem has <code class="code">-D_GLIBXX_DEBUG_PEDANTIC</code> was also needed. The problem has
been fixed in GCC 4.0.1 and later versions.) </p><p>The following library components provide extra debugging been fixed in GCC 4.0.1 and later versions.) </p><p>The following library components provide extra debugging
capabilities in debug mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::basic_string</code> (no safe iterators and see note below)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::bitset</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::deque</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::list</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::map</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::multimap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::multiset</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::set</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::vector</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_map</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multimap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_set</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multiset</code></p></li></ul></div><p>N.B. although there are precondition checks for some string operations, capabilities in debug mode:</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::basic_string</code> (no safe iterators and see note below)</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::bitset</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::deque</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::list</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::map</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::multimap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::multiset</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::set</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::vector</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_map</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multimap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_set</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">std::unordered_multiset</code></p></li></ul></div><p>N.B. although there are precondition checks for some string operations,
e.g. <code class="code">operator[]</code>, e.g. <code class="code">operator[]</code>,
they will not always be run when using the <code class="code">char</code> and they will not always be run when using the <code class="code">char</code> and
<code class="code">wchar_t</code> specialisations (<code class="code">std::string</code> and <code class="code">wchar_t</code> specialisations (<code class="code">std::string</code> and
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Diagnostics Diagnostics
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Standard Contents Standard Contents
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Diagnostics Diagnostics
<a id="idp13983056" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp13833200" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="diagnostics.html#std.diagnostics.exceptions">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="diagnostics.html#std.diagnostics.exceptions.api">API Reference</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="diagnostics.html#std.diagnostics.exceptions.data">Adding Data to <code class="classname">exception</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="concept_checking.html">Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section" title="Exceptions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.diagnostics.exceptions"></a>Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="API Reference"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.diagnostics.exceptions.api"></a>API Reference</h3></div></div></div><p> </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="diagnostics.html#std.diagnostics.exceptions">Exceptions</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="diagnostics.html#std.diagnostics.exceptions.api">API Reference</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="diagnostics.html#std.diagnostics.exceptions.data">Adding Data to <code class="classname">exception</code></a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="concept_checking.html">Concept Checking</a></span></dt></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.diagnostics.exceptions"></a>Exceptions</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.diagnostics.exceptions.api"></a>API Reference</h3></div></div></div><p>
All exception objects are defined in one of the standard header All exception objects are defined in one of the standard header
files: <code class="filename">exception</code>, files: <code class="filename">exception</code>,
<code class="filename">stdexcept</code>, <code class="filename">new</code>, and <code class="filename">stdexcept</code>, <code class="filename">new</code>, and
...@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@ ...@@ -23,7 +22,7 @@
found in the source documentation. found in the source documentation.
</p><p> </p><p>
Full API details. Full API details.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Adding Data to exception"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.diagnostics.exceptions.data"></a>Adding Data to <code class="classname">exception</code></h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.diagnostics.exceptions.data"></a>Adding Data to <code class="classname">exception</code></h3></div></div></div><p>
The standard exception classes carry with them a single string as The standard exception classes carry with them a single string as
data (usually describing what went wrong or where the 'throw' took data (usually describing what went wrong or where the 'throw' took
place). It's good to remember that you can add your own data to place). It's good to remember that you can add your own data to
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Support Support
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Dynamic Memory"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.support.memory"></a>Dynamic Memory</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="termination.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.support.memory"></a>Dynamic Memory</h2></div></div></div><p>
There are six flavors each of <code class="function">new</code> and There are six flavors each of <code class="function">new</code> and
<code class="function">delete</code>, so make certain that you're using the right <code class="function">delete</code>, so make certain that you're using the right
ones. Here are quickie descriptions of <code class="function">new</code>: ones. Here are quickie descriptions of <code class="function">new</code>:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
single object form, throwing a single object form, throwing a
<code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors; this is what most <code class="classname">bad_alloc</code> on errors; this is what most
people are used to using people are used to using
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Extensions Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 25. Algorithms"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 25. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_numerics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.algorithms"></a>Chapter 25. Algorithms</h2></div></div></div><p>25.1.6 (count, count_if) is extended with two more versions of count
and count_if. The standard versions return their results. The and count_if. The standard versions return their results. The
additional signatures return void, but take a final parameter by additional signatures return void, but take a final parameter by
reference to which they assign their results, e.g., reference to which they assign their results, e.g.,
...@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@ ...@@ -15,7 +14,7 @@
copy_n (_InputIter first, _Size count, _OutputIter result);</pre><p>which copies the first 'count' elements at 'first' into 'result'. copy_n (_InputIter first, _Size count, _OutputIter result);</pre><p>which copies the first 'count' elements at 'first' into 'result'.
</p><p>25.3 (sorting 'n' heaps 'n' stuff) is extended with some helper </p><p>25.3 (sorting 'n' heaps 'n' stuff) is extended with some helper
predicates. Look in the doxygen-generated pages for notes on these. predicates. Look in the doxygen-generated pages for notes on these.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">is_heap</code> tests whether or not a range is a heap.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">is_sorted</code> tests whether or not a range is sorted in </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">is_heap</code> tests whether or not a range is a heap.</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">is_sorted</code> tests whether or not a range is sorted in
nondescending order.</p></li></ul></div><p>25.3.8 (lexicographical_compare) is extended with nondescending order.</p></li></ul></div><p>25.3.8 (lexicographical_compare) is extended with
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
lexicographical_compare_3way(_InputIter1 first1, _InputIter1 last1, lexicographical_compare_3way(_InputIter1 first1, _InputIter1 last1,
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 16. Compile Time Checks"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.compile_checks"></a>Chapter 16. Compile Time Checks</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="debug_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.compile_checks"></a>Chapter 16. Compile Time Checks</h2></div></div></div><p>
Also known as concept checking. Also known as concept checking.
</p><p>In 1999, SGI added <span class="emphasis"><em>concept checkers</em></span> to their implementation </p><p>In 1999, SGI added <span class="emphasis"><em>concept checkers</em></span> to their implementation
of the STL: code which checked the template parameters of of the STL: code which checked the template parameters of
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contains all the higher-level contains all the higher-level
constructs for playing with threads. In contrast to the atomics layer, constructs for playing with threads. In contrast to the atomics layer,
the concurrence layer consists largely of types. All types are defined within <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>. the concurrence layer consists largely of types. All types are defined within <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
...@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ that support multiple threads.) ...@@ -17,7 +16,7 @@ that support multiple threads.)
available locking available locking
policies: <code class="code">_S_single</code>, <code class="code">_S_mutex</code>, policies: <code class="code">_S_single</code>, <code class="code">_S_mutex</code>,
and <code class="code">_S_atomic</code>. and <code class="code">_S_atomic</code>.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_single</code></p><p>Indicates single-threaded code that does not need locking. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_single</code></p><p>Indicates single-threaded code that does not need locking.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_mutex</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using thread-layer abstractions. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_mutex</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using thread-layer abstractions.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_atomic</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using atomic operations. </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">_S_atomic</code></p><p>Indicates multi-threaded code using atomic operations.
</p></li></ul></div><p>The compile-time constant <code class="code">__default_lock_policy</code> is set </p></li></ul></div><p>The compile-time constant <code class="code">__default_lock_policy</code> is set
...@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ critical sections, while retaining exception-safety. ...@@ -33,7 +32,7 @@ critical sections, while retaining exception-safety.
These types have been superseded in the ISO C++ 2011 standard by the These types have been superseded in the ISO C++ 2011 standard by the
mutex and lock types defined in the header mutex and lock types defined in the header
<code class="filename">&lt;mutex&gt;</code>. <code class="filename">&lt;mutex&gt;</code>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Interface to Atomic Functions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics"></a>Interface to Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.design.atomics"></a>Interface to Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>
Two functions and one type form the base of atomic support. Two functions and one type form the base of atomic support.
</p><p>The type <code class="code">_Atomic_word</code> is a signed integral type </p><p>The type <code class="code">_Atomic_word</code> is a signed integral type
supporting atomic operations. supporting atomic operations.
...@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ void ...@@ -47,7 +46,7 @@ void
__atomic_add_dispatch(volatile _Atomic_word*, int); __atomic_add_dispatch(volatile _Atomic_word*, int);
</pre><p>Both of these functions are declared in the header file </pre><p>Both of these functions are declared in the header file
&lt;ext/atomicity.h&gt;, and are in <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>. &lt;ext/atomicity.h&gt;, and are in <code class="code">namespace __gnu_cxx</code>.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
<code class="code"> <code class="code">
__exchange_and_add_dispatch __exchange_and_add_dispatch
</code> </code>
...@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ __exchange_and_add_dispatch ...@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ __exchange_and_add_dispatch
</code> </code>
</p><p> </p><p>
Calls through to either of: Calls through to either of:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add</code> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">__exchange_and_add</code>
</p><p>Multi-thread version. Inlined if compiler-generated builtin atomics </p><p>Multi-thread version. Inlined if compiler-generated builtin atomics
can be used, otherwise resolved at link time to a non-builtin code can be used, otherwise resolved at link time to a non-builtin code
sequence. sequence.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 30. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 30. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="ext_concurrency_use.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency_use.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 30. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 30. Concurrency" /><link rel="next" href="ext_concurrency_use.html" title="Use" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_concurrency_use.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Using Builtin Atomic Functions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.atomic_fallbacks"></a>Using Builtin Atomic Functions</h3></div></div></div><p>The functions for atomic operations described above are either
implemented via compiler intrinsics (if the underlying host is implemented via compiler intrinsics (if the underlying host is
capable) or by library fallbacks.</p><p>Compiler intrinsics (builtins) are always preferred. However, as capable) or by library fallbacks.</p><p>Compiler intrinsics (builtins) are always preferred. However, as
the compiler builtins for atomics are not universally implemented, the compiler builtins for atomics are not universally implemented,
...@@ -22,14 +21,14 @@ If builtins are possible for bool-sized integral types, ...@@ -22,14 +21,14 @@ If builtins are possible for bool-sized integral types,
If builtins are possible for int-sized integral types, If builtins are possible for int-sized integral types,
<code class="code">ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE</code> will be defined. <code class="code">ATOMIC_INT_LOCK_FREE</code> will be defined.
</p><p>For the following hosts, intrinsics are enabled by default. </p><p>For the following hosts, intrinsics are enabled by default.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>alpha</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ia64</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>powerpc</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>s390</p></li></ul></div><p>For others, some form of <code class="code">-march</code> may work. On </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>alpha</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ia64</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>powerpc</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>s390</p></li></ul></div><p>For others, some form of <code class="code">-march</code> may work. On
non-ancient x86 hardware, <code class="code">-march=native</code> usually does the non-ancient x86 hardware, <code class="code">-march=native</code> usually does the
trick.</p><p> For hosts without compiler intrinsics, but with capable trick.</p><p> For hosts without compiler intrinsics, but with capable
hardware, hand-crafted assembly is selected. This is the case for the following hosts: hardware, hand-crafted assembly is selected. This is the case for the following hosts:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>cris</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>hppa</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>i386</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>i486</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>m48k</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>mips</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>sparc</p></li></ul></div><p>And for the rest, a simulated atomic lock via pthreads. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>cris</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>hppa</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>i386</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>i486</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>m48k</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>mips</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>sparc</p></li></ul></div><p>And for the rest, a simulated atomic lock via pthreads.
</p><p> Detailed information about compiler intrinsics for atomic operations can be found in the GCC <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Atomic-Builtins.html" target="_top"> documentation</a>. </p><p> Detailed information about compiler intrinsics for atomic operations can be found in the GCC <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Atomic-Builtins.html" target="_top"> documentation</a>.
</p><p> More details on the library fallbacks from the porting <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety" title="Thread Safety">section</a>. </p><p> More details on the library fallbacks from the porting <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety" title="Thread Safety">section</a>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Thread Abstraction"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread"></a>Thread Abstraction</h3></div></div></div><p>A thin layer above IEEE 1003.1 (i.e. pthreads) is used to abstract </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.impl.thread"></a>Thread Abstraction</h3></div></div></div><p>A thin layer above IEEE 1003.1 (i.e. pthreads) is used to abstract
the thread interface for GCC. This layer is called "gthread," and is the thread interface for GCC. This layer is called "gthread," and is
comprised of one header file that wraps the host's default thread layer with comprised of one header file that wraps the host's default thread layer with
a POSIX-like interface. a POSIX-like interface.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 30. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency_impl.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix.html" title="Part IV.  Appendices" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency_impl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Use</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="ext_concurrency.html" title="Chapter 30. Concurrency" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_concurrency_impl.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="appendix.html" title="Part IV.  Appendices" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Use</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_concurrency_impl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 30. Concurrency</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Use"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.concurrency.use"></a>Use</h2></div></div></div><p>Typical usage of the last two constructs is demonstrated as follows:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;ext/concurrence.h&gt; #include &lt;ext/concurrence.h&gt;
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Extensions Extensions
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been made with containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style been made with containers. Those dealing with older SGI-style
allocators are dealt with elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal allocators are dealt with elsewhere. The remaining ones all deal
with bits: with bits:
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Transforming C++ ABI identifiers (like RTTI symbols) into the Transforming C++ ABI identifiers (like RTTI symbols) into the
original C++ source identifiers is called original C++ source identifiers is called
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">demangling.</span>”</span> <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">demangling.</span>”</span>
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Extensions allowing <code class="code">filebuf</code>s to be constructed from Extensions allowing <code class="code">filebuf</code>s to be constructed from
"C" types like FILE*s and file descriptors. "C" types like FILE*s and file descriptors.
</p><div class="section" title="Derived filebufs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived"></a>Derived filebufs</h2></div></div></div><p>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.io.filebuf_derived"></a>Derived filebufs</h2></div></div></div><p>The v2 library included non-standard extensions to construct
<code class="code">std::filebuf</code>s from C stdio types such as <code class="code">std::filebuf</code>s from C stdio types such as
<code class="code">FILE*</code>s and POSIX file descriptors. <code class="code">FILE*</code>s and POSIX file descriptors.
Today the recommended way to use stdio types with libstdc++ Today the recommended way to use stdio types with libstdc++
IOStreams is via the <code class="code">stdio_filebuf</code> class (see below), IOStreams is via the <code class="code">stdio_filebuf</code> class (see below),
but earlier releases provided slightly different mechanisms. but earlier releases provided slightly different mechanisms.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>3.0.x <code class="code">filebuf</code>s have another ctor with this signature: </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>3.0.x <code class="code">filebuf</code>s have another ctor with this signature:
<code class="code">basic_filebuf(__c_file_type*, ios_base::openmode, int_type); <code class="code">basic_filebuf(__c_file_type*, ios_base::openmode, int_type);
</code> </code>
This comes in very handy in a number of places, such as This comes in very handy in a number of places, such as
attaching Unix sockets, pipes, and anything else which uses file attaching Unix sockets, pipes, and anything else which uses file
descriptors, into the IOStream buffering classes. The three descriptors, into the IOStream buffering classes. The three
arguments are as follows: arguments are as follows:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">__c_file_type* F </code> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">__c_file_type* F </code>
// the __c_file_type typedef usually boils down to stdio's FILE // the __c_file_type typedef usually boils down to stdio's FILE
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">ios_base::openmode M </code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">ios_base::openmode M </code>
// same as all the other uses of openmode // same as all the other uses of openmode
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Extensions Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 27. Iterators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.iterators"></a>Chapter 27. Iterators</h2></div></div></div><p>24.3.2 describes <code class="code">struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.iterators"></a>Chapter 27. Iterators</h2></div></div></div><p>24.3.2 describes <code class="code">struct iterator</code>, which didn't exist in the
original HP STL implementation (the language wasn't rich enough at the original HP STL implementation (the language wasn't rich enough at the
time). For backwards compatibility, base classes are provided which time). For backwards compatibility, base classes are provided which
declare the same nested typedefs: declare the same nested typedefs:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>input_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>output_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>forward_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>bidirectional_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>random_access_iterator</p></li></ul></div><p>24.3.4 describes iterator operation <code class="code">distance</code>, which takes </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>input_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>output_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>forward_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>bidirectional_iterator</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>random_access_iterator</p></li></ul></div><p>24.3.4 describes iterator operation <code class="code">distance</code>, which takes
two iterators and returns a result. It is extended by another signature two iterators and returns a result. It is extended by another signature
which takes two iterators and a reference to a result. The result is which takes two iterators and a reference to a result. The result is
modified, and the function returns nothing. modified, and the function returns nothing.
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Extensions Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 26. Numerics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.numerics"></a>Chapter 26. Numerics</h2></div></div></div><p>26.4, the generalized numeric operations such as <code class="code">accumulate</code>, </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_iterators.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.numerics"></a>Chapter 26. Numerics</h2></div></div></div><p>26.4, the generalized numeric operations such as <code class="code">accumulate</code>,
are extended with the following functions: are extended with the following functions:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
power (x, n); power (x, n);
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Extensions Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="idp16577152"></a></h1></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_compile_checks.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="preface"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="idp16425680"></a></h1></div></div></div><p>
Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard Here we will make an attempt at describing the non-Standard
extensions to the library. Some of these are from older versions of extensions to the library. Some of these are from older versions of
standard library components, namely SGI's STL, and some of these are standard library components, namely SGI's STL, and some of these are
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Deprecated</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 23. HP/SGI Extensions" /><link rel="prev" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 23. HP/SGI Extensions" /><link rel="next" href="ext_utilities.html" title="Chapter 24. Utilities" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Deprecated</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="ext_containers.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 23. HP/SGI Extensions</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_utilities.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Deprecated"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.containers.deprecated_sgi"></a>Deprecated</h2></div></div></div><p>
The SGI hashing classes <code class="classname">hash_set</code> and The SGI hashing classes <code class="classname">hash_set</code> and
<code class="classname">hash_set</code> have been deprecated by the <code class="classname">hash_set</code> have been deprecated by the
unordered_set, unordered_multiset, unordered_map, unordered_set, unordered_multiset, unordered_map,
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The <code class="filename">&lt;functional&gt;</code> header The <code class="filename">&lt;functional&gt;</code> header
contains many additional functors contains many additional functors
and helper functions, extending section 20.3. They are and helper functions, extending section 20.3. They are
implemented in the file stl_function.h: implemented in the file stl_function.h:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">identity_element</code> for addition and multiplication. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">identity_element</code> for addition and multiplication.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The functor <code class="code">identity</code>, whose <code class="code">operator()</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>The functor <code class="code">identity</code>, whose <code class="code">operator()</code>
returns the argument unchanged. returns the argument unchanged.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Composition functors <code class="code">unary_function</code> and </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Composition functors <code class="code">unary_function</code> and
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Input and Output Input and Output
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="File Based Streams"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.filestreams"></a>File Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Copying a File"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.filestreams.copying_a_file"></a>Copying a File</h3></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.filestreams"></a>File Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.filestreams.copying_a_file"></a>Copying a File</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>So you want to copy a file quickly and easily, and most important, </p><p>So you want to copy a file quickly and easily, and most important,
completely portably. And since this is C++, you have an open completely portably. And since this is C++, you have an open
ifstream (call it IN) and an open ofstream (call it OUT): ifstream (call it IN) and an open ofstream (call it OUT):
...@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@ ...@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@
The operators shown above are all defined in the parent The operators shown above are all defined in the parent
basic_ostream class and are therefore available with all possible basic_ostream class and are therefore available with all possible
descendants. descendants.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Binary Input and Output"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.filestreams.binary"></a>Binary Input and Output</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.filestreams.binary"></a>Binary Input and Output</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>The first and most important thing to remember about binary I/O is </p><p>The first and most important thing to remember about binary I/O is
that opening a file with <code class="code">ios::binary</code> is not, repeat that opening a file with <code class="code">ios::binary</code> is not, repeat
<span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>, the only thing you have to do. It is not a silver <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span>, the only thing you have to do. It is not a silver
...@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ ...@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@
of <span class="emphasis"><em>formatting</em></span> functions and classes to perform something of <span class="emphasis"><em>formatting</em></span> functions and classes to perform something
which <span class="emphasis"><em>requires</em></span> that formatting not be done? There are a which <span class="emphasis"><em>requires</em></span> that formatting not be done? There are a
seemingly infinite number of solutions, and a few are listed here: seemingly infinite number of solutions, and a few are listed here:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Derive your own fstream-type classes and write your own </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Derive your own fstream-type classes and write your own
&lt;&lt;/&gt;&gt; operators to do binary I/O on whatever data &lt;&lt;/&gt;&gt; operators to do binary I/O on whatever data
types you're using.</span>”</span> types you're using.</span>”</span>
</p><p> </p><p>
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Numerics Numerics
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Generalized Operations"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.numerics.generalized_ops"></a>Generalized Operations</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="numerics_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.numerics.generalized_ops"></a>Generalized Operations</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>There are four generalized functions in the &lt;numeric&gt; header </p><p>There are four generalized functions in the &lt;numeric&gt; header
that follow the same conventions as those in &lt;algorithm&gt;. Each that follow the same conventions as those in &lt;algorithm&gt;. Each
of them is overloaded: one signature for common default operations, of them is overloaded: one signature for common default operations,
and a second for fully general operations. Their names are and a second for fully general operations. Their names are
self-explanatory to anyone who works with numerics on a regular basis: self-explanatory to anyone who works with numerics on a regular basis:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">accumulate</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">inner_product</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">chapterial_sum</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Here is a simple example of the two forms of <code class="code">accumulate</code>. </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">accumulate</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">inner_product</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">chapterial_sum</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="code">adjacent_difference</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Here is a simple example of the two forms of <code class="code">accumulate</code>.
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
int ar[50]; int ar[50];
int someval = somefunction(); int someval = somefunction();
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/internals.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, internals" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_porting.html" title="Appendix B.  Porting and Maintenance" /><link rel="prev" href="documentation_hacking.html" title="Writing and Generating Documentation" /><link rel="next" href="test.html" title="Test" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="documentation_hacking.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix B. 
Porting and Maintenance Porting and Maintenance
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="test.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.internals"></a>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="test.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="appendix.porting.internals"></a>Porting to New Hardware or Operating Systems</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>This document explains how to port libstdc++ (the GNU C++ library) to </p><p>This document explains how to port libstdc++ (the GNU C++ library) to
a new target. a new target.
</p><p>In order to make the GNU C++ library (libstdc++) work with a new </p><p>In order to make the GNU C++ library (libstdc++) work with a new
...@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ works. It is difficult to test the C++ compiler without a working ...@@ -20,7 +19,7 @@ works. It is difficult to test the C++ compiler without a working
library, but you should at least try some minimal test cases. library, but you should at least try some minimal test cases.
</p><p>(Note that what we think of as a "target," the library refers to as </p><p>(Note that what we think of as a "target," the library refers to as
a "host." The comment at the top of <code class="code">configure.ac</code> explains why.) a "host." The comment at the top of <code class="code">configure.ac</code> explains why.)
</p><div class="section" title="Operating System"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.os"></a>Operating System</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new operating system (as opposed to a new chip </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.os"></a>Operating System</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new operating system (as opposed to a new chip
using an existing operating system), you will need to create a new using an existing operating system), you will need to create a new
directory in the <code class="code">config/os</code> hierarchy. For example, the IRIX directory in the <code class="code">config/os</code> hierarchy. For example, the IRIX
configuration files are all in <code class="code">config/os/irix</code>. There is no set configuration files are all in <code class="code">config/os/irix</code>. There is no set
...@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ this: ...@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ this:
#endif #endif
</pre><p>We recommend copying an existing <code class="code">os_defines.h</code> to use as a </pre><p>We recommend copying an existing <code class="code">os_defines.h</code> to use as a
starting point. starting point.
</p></div><div class="section" title="CPU"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.cpu"></a>CPU</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new chip (as opposed to a new operating system </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.cpu"></a>CPU</h3></div></div></div><p>If you are porting to a new chip (as opposed to a new operating system
running on an existing chip), you will need to create a new directory in the running on an existing chip), you will need to create a new directory in the
<code class="code">config/cpu</code> hierarchy. Much like the <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.os" title="Operating System">Operating system</a> setup, <code class="code">config/cpu</code> hierarchy. Much like the <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.os" title="Operating System">Operating system</a> setup,
there are no strict rules on how to organize the CPU configuration there are no strict rules on how to organize the CPU configuration
...@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ example, <code class="code">alpha</code>, <code class="code">alphaev5</code>, an ...@@ -117,7 +116,7 @@ example, <code class="code">alpha</code>, <code class="code">alphaev5</code>, an
</p><p>The <code class="code">cpu_include_dir</code> sets default locations for the files controlling </p><p>The <code class="code">cpu_include_dir</code> sets default locations for the files controlling
<a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety" title="Thread Safety">Thread safety</a> and <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits" title="Numeric Limits">Numeric limits</a>, if the defaults are not <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.thread_safety" title="Thread Safety">Thread safety</a> and <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.numeric_limits" title="Numeric Limits">Numeric limits</a>, if the defaults are not
appropriate for your chip. appropriate for your chip.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Character Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.char_types"></a>Character Types</h3></div></div></div><p>The library requires that you provide three header files to implement </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.char_types"></a>Character Types</h3></div></div></div><p>The library requires that you provide three header files to implement
character classification, analogous to that provided by the C libraries character classification, analogous to that provided by the C libraries
<code class="code">&lt;ctype.h&gt;</code> header. You can model these on the files provided in <code class="code">&lt;ctype.h&gt;</code> header. You can model these on the files provided in
<code class="code">config/os/generic</code>. However, these files will almost <code class="code">config/os/generic</code>. However, these files will almost
...@@ -276,7 +275,7 @@ from <code class="code">__low</code> up until <code class="code">__high</code> i ...@@ -276,7 +275,7 @@ from <code class="code">__low</code> up until <code class="code">__high</code> i
++__low; ++__low;
return __low; return __low;
} }
</pre></div><div class="section" title="Thread Safety"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.thread_safety"></a>Thread Safety</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library string functionality requires a couple of atomic </pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.thread_safety"></a>Thread Safety</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library string functionality requires a couple of atomic
operations to provide thread-safety. If you don't take any special operations to provide thread-safety. If you don't take any special
action, the library will use stub versions of these functions that are action, the library will use stub versions of these functions that are
not thread-safe. They will work fine, unless your applications are not thread-safe. They will work fine, unless your applications are
...@@ -331,7 +330,7 @@ must be equivalent to those provided here, but using atomic operations: ...@@ -331,7 +330,7 @@ must be equivalent to those provided here, but using atomic operations:
{ {
*__mem += __val; *__mem += __val;
} }
</pre></div><div class="section" title="Numeric Limits"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Limits</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library requires information about the fundamental data types, </pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Limits</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library requires information about the fundamental data types,
such as the minimum and maximum representable values of each type. such as the minimum and maximum representable values of each type.
You can define each of these values individually, but it is usually You can define each of these values individually, but it is usually
easiest just to indicate how many bits are used in each of the data easiest just to indicate how many bits are used in each of the data
...@@ -343,7 +342,7 @@ same values, you can provide a CPU-specific file instead so that you ...@@ -343,7 +342,7 @@ same values, you can provide a CPU-specific file instead so that you
do not have to provide the same definitions for each operating system. do not have to provide the same definitions for each operating system.
To take that approach, create a new file called <code class="code">cpu_limits.h</code> in To take that approach, create a new file called <code class="code">cpu_limits.h</code> in
your CPU configuration directory (see <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.cpu" title="CPU">CPU</a>). your CPU configuration directory (see <a class="link" href="internals.html#internals.cpu" title="CPU">CPU</a>).
</p></div><div class="section" title="Libtool"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.libtool"></a>Libtool</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library is compiled, archived and linked with libtool. </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="internals.libtool"></a>Libtool</h3></div></div></div><p>The C++ library is compiled, archived and linked with libtool.
Explaining the full workings of libtool is beyond the scope of this Explaining the full workings of libtool is beyond the scope of this
document, but there are a few, particular bits that are necessary for document, but there are a few, particular bits that are necessary for
porting. porting.
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/io.html
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only include the headers you really need. Many people simply include only include the headers you really need. Many people simply include
&lt;iostream&gt; when they don't need to -- and that can <span class="emphasis"><em>penalize &lt;iostream&gt; when they don't need to -- and that can <span class="emphasis"><em>penalize
your runtime as well.</em></span> Here are some tips on which header to use your runtime as well.</em></span> Here are some tips on which header to use
......
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="atomics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Interacting with C"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.c"></a>Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Using FILE* and file descriptors"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.c.FILE"></a>Using FILE* and file descriptors</h3></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="atomics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.c"></a>Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.c.FILE"></a>Using FILE* and file descriptors</h3></div></div></div><p>
See the <a class="link" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 28. Input and Output">extensions</a> for using See the <a class="link" href="ext_io.html" title="Chapter 28. Input and Output">extensions</a> for using
<span class="type">FILE</span> and <span class="type">file descriptors</span> with <span class="type">FILE</span> and <span class="type">file descriptors</span> with
<code class="classname">ofstream</code> and <code class="classname">ofstream</code> and
<code class="classname">ifstream</code>. <code class="classname">ifstream</code>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Performance"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.c.sync"></a>Performance</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.c.sync"></a>Performance</h3></div></div></div><p>
Pathetic Performance? Ditch C. Pathetic Performance? Ditch C.
</p><p>It sounds like a flame on C, but it isn't. Really. Calm down. </p><p>It sounds like a flame on C, but it isn't. Really. Calm down.
I'm just saying it to get your attention. I'm just saying it to get your attention.
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/iterators.html
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Iterators Iterators
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Standard Contents Standard Contents
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 10.  Iterators"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.iterators"></a>Chapter 10.  </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="algorithms.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="std.iterators"></a>Chapter 10. 
Iterators Iterators
<a id="idp16304896" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp16156816" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="iterators.html#std.iterators.predefined">Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="iterators.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="iterators.html#iterators.predefined.end">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section" title="Predefined"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.iterators.predefined"></a>Predefined</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Iterators vs. Pointers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="iterators.predefined.vs_pointers"></a>Iterators vs. Pointers</h3></div></div></div><p> </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="iterators.html#std.iterators.predefined">Predefined</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="iterators.html#iterators.predefined.vs_pointers">Iterators vs. Pointers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="iterators.html#iterators.predefined.end">One Past the End</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.iterators.predefined"></a>Predefined</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="iterators.predefined.vs_pointers"></a>Iterators vs. Pointers</h3></div></div></div><p>
The following The following
FAQ <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.iterator_as_pod" title="7.1.">entry</a> points out that FAQ <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.iterator_as_pod" title="7.1.">entry</a> points out that
iterators are not implemented as pointers. They are a generalization iterators are not implemented as pointers. They are a generalization
...@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ classes. ...@@ -44,7 +43,7 @@ classes.
down through inheritance, so while the compiler has to do work down through inheritance, so while the compiler has to do work
looking up all the names, your runtime code does not. (This has looking up all the names, your runtime code does not. (This has
been a prime concern from the beginning.) been a prime concern from the beginning.)
</p></div><div class="section" title="One Past the End"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h3></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy, </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="iterators.predefined.end"></a>One Past the End</h3></div></div></div><p>This starts off sounding complicated, but is actually very easy,
especially towards the end. Trust me. especially towards the end. Trust me.
</p><p>Beginners usually have a little trouble understand the whole </p><p>Beginners usually have a little trouble understand the whole
'past-the-end' thing, until they remember their early algebra classes 'past-the-end' thing, until they remember their early algebra classes
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/license.html
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>License</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="prev" href="status.html" title="Chapter 1. Status" /><link rel="next" href="bugs.html" title="Bugs" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">License</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="status.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 1. Status</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bugs.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="License"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.status.license"></a>License</h2></div></div></div><p>
There are two licenses affecting GNU libstdc++: one for the code, There are two licenses affecting GNU libstdc++: one for the code,
and one for the documentation. and one for the documentation.
</p><p> </p><p>
There is a license section in the FAQ regarding common <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.license">questions</a>. If you have more There is a license section in the FAQ regarding common <a class="link" href="../faq.html#faq.license">questions</a>. If you have more
questions, ask the FSF or the <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/lists.html" target="_top">gcc mailing list</a>. questions, ask the FSF or the <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/lists.html" target="_top">gcc mailing list</a>.
</p><div class="section" title="The Code: GPL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.gpl"></a>The Code: GPL</h3></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.gpl"></a>The Code: GPL</h3></div></div></div><p>
The source code is distributed under the <a class="link" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D.  GNU General Public License version 3">GNU General Public License version 3</a>, The source code is distributed under the <a class="link" href="appendix_gpl.html" title="Appendix D.  GNU General Public License version 3">GNU General Public License version 3</a>,
with the addition under section 7 of an exception described in with the addition under section 7 of an exception described in
the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">GCC Runtime Library Exception, version 3.1</span>”</span> the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">GCC Runtime Library Exception, version 3.1</span>”</span>
...@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ requirements of the license of GCC.<br /> ...@@ -87,7 +86,7 @@ requirements of the license of GCC.<br />
    </p></div><p>     </p></div><p>
Hopefully that text is self-explanatory. If it isn't, you need to speak Hopefully that text is self-explanatory. If it isn't, you need to speak
to your lawyer, or the Free Software Foundation. to your lawyer, or the Free Software Foundation.
</p></div><div class="section" title="The Documentation: GPL, FDL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.fdl"></a>The Documentation: GPL, FDL</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.status.license.fdl"></a>The Documentation: GPL, FDL</h3></div></div></div><p>
The documentation shipped with the library and made available over The documentation shipped with the library and made available over
the web, excluding the pages generated from source comments, are the web, excluding the pages generated from source comments, are
copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, and placed under the copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, and placed under the
......
libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/make.html
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Make</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /><link rel="next" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Make</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="configure.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.make"></a>Make</h2></div></div></div><p>If you have never done this before, you should read the basic
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Make</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="setup.html" title="Chapter 2. Setup" /><link rel="prev" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /><link rel="next" href="using.html" title="Chapter 3. Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Make</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="configure.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Make"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.make"></a>Make</h2></div></div></div><p>If you have never done this before, you should read the basic
<a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">GCC Installation <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">GCC Installation
Instructions</a> first. Read <span class="emphasis"><em>all of them</em></span>. Instructions</a> first. Read <span class="emphasis"><em>all of them</em></span>.
<span class="emphasis"><em>Twice.</em></span> <span class="emphasis"><em>Twice.</em></span>
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/mt_allocator.html
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Extensions Extensions
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="mt_allocator_design.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.mt"></a>Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_design.html">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_design.html#allocator.mt.overview">Overview</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html#allocator.mt.tune">Tunable Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html#allocator.mt.init">Initialization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html#allocator.mt.deallocation">Deallocation Notes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_ex_multi.html">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="mt_allocator_design.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.allocator.mt"></a>Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator.html#allocator.mt.intro">Intro</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_design.html">Design Issues</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_design.html#allocator.mt.overview">Overview</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html">Implementation</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html#allocator.mt.tune">Tunable Parameters</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html#allocator.mt.init">Initialization</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_impl.html#allocator.mt.deallocation">Deallocation Notes</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html">Single Thread Example</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="mt_allocator_ex_multi.html">Multiple Thread Example</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
</p><div class="section" title="Intro"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.intro"></a>Intro</h2></div></div></div><p>
The mt allocator [hereinafter referred to simply as "the allocator"] The mt allocator [hereinafter referred to simply as "the allocator"]
is a fixed size (power of two) allocator that was initially is a fixed size (power of two) allocator that was initially
developed specifically to suit the needs of multi threaded developed specifically to suit the needs of multi threaded
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design Issues</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, allocator" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator" /><link rel="prev" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator" /><link rel="next" href="mt_allocator_impl.html" title="Implementation" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design Issues</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="mt_allocator.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="mt_allocator_impl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Design Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.design_issues"></a>Design Issues</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Overview"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.overview"></a>Overview</h3></div></div></div><p> There are three general components to the allocator: a datum
describing the characteristics of the memory pool, a policy class describing the characteristics of the memory pool, a policy class
containing this pool that links instantiation types to common or containing this pool that links instantiation types to common or
individual pools, and a class inheriting from the policy class that is individual pools, and a class inheriting from the policy class that is
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Multiple Thread Example</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, allocator" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator" /><link rel="prev" href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html" title="Single Thread Example" /><link rel="next" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="Chapter 21. The bitmap_allocator" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Multiple Thread Example</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.example_multi"></a>Multiple Thread Example</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Multiple Thread Example</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, allocator" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator" /><link rel="prev" href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html" title="Single Thread Example" /><link rel="next" href="bitmap_allocator.html" title="Chapter 21. The bitmap_allocator" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Multiple Thread Example</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="bitmap_allocator.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Multiple Thread Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.example_multi"></a>Multiple Thread Example</h2></div></div></div><p>
In the ST example we never used the thread_id variable present in each block. In the ST example we never used the thread_id variable present in each block.
Let's start by explaining the purpose of this in a MT application. Let's start by explaining the purpose of this in a MT application.
</p><p> </p><p>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Single Thread Example</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, allocator" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator" /><link rel="prev" href="mt_allocator_impl.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="mt_allocator_ex_multi.html" title="Multiple Thread Example" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Single Thread Example</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="mt_allocator_impl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="mt_allocator_ex_multi.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.example_single"></a>Single Thread Example</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Single Thread Example</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, allocator" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator" /><link rel="prev" href="mt_allocator_impl.html" title="Implementation" /><link rel="next" href="mt_allocator_ex_multi.html" title="Multiple Thread Example" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Single Thread Example</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="mt_allocator_impl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="mt_allocator_ex_multi.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Single Thread Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.example_single"></a>Single Thread Example</h2></div></div></div><p>
Let's start by describing how the data on a freelist is laid out in memory. Let's start by describing how the data on a freelist is laid out in memory.
This is the first two blocks in freelist for thread id 3 in bin 3 (8 bytes): This is the first two blocks in freelist for thread id 3 in bin 3 (8 bytes):
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, allocator" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="mt_allocator.html" title="Chapter 20. The mt_allocator" /><link rel="prev" href="mt_allocator_design.html" title="Design Issues" /><link rel="next" href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html" title="Single Thread Example" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="mt_allocator_design.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 20. The mt_allocator</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="mt_allocator_ex_single.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="allocator.mt.impl"></a>Implementation</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Tunable Parameters"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.tune"></a>Tunable Parameters</h3></div></div></div><p>Certain allocation parameters can be modified, or tuned. There
exists a nested <code class="code">struct __pool_base::_Tune</code> that contains all exists a nested <code class="code">struct __pool_base::_Tune</code> that contains all
these parameters, which include settings for these parameters, which include settings for
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>Alignment</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Maximum bytes before calling <code class="code">::operator new</code> directly</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Minimum bytes</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Size of underlying global allocations</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Maximum number of supported threads</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Migration of deallocations to the global free list</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Shunt for global <code class="code">new</code> and <code class="code">delete</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Adjusting parameters for a given instance of an allocator can only </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>Alignment</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Maximum bytes before calling <code class="code">::operator new</code> directly</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Minimum bytes</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Size of underlying global allocations</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Maximum number of supported threads</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Migration of deallocations to the global free list</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>Shunt for global <code class="code">new</code> and <code class="code">delete</code></p></li></ul></div><p>Adjusting parameters for a given instance of an allocator can only
happen before any allocations take place, when the allocator itself is happen before any allocations take place, when the allocator itself is
initialized. For instance: initialized. For instance:
</p><pre class="programlisting"> </p><pre class="programlisting">
...@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ int main() ...@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ int main()
return 0; return 0;
} }
</pre></div><div class="section" title="Initialization"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.init"></a>Initialization</h3></div></div></div><p> </pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.init"></a>Initialization</h3></div></div></div><p>
The static variables (pointers to freelists, tuning parameters etc) The static variables (pointers to freelists, tuning parameters etc)
are initialized as above, or are set to the global defaults. are initialized as above, or are set to the global defaults.
</p><p> </p><p>
...@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ The _S_initialize() function: ...@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ The _S_initialize() function:
for this specific bin. This only occurs when a number of blocks for this specific bin. This only occurs when a number of blocks
are grabbed from the global list to a thread specific list or when are grabbed from the global list to a thread specific list or when
a thread decides to return some blocks to the global freelist. a thread decides to return some blocks to the global freelist.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Deallocation Notes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.deallocation"></a>Deallocation Notes</h3></div></div></div><p> Notes about deallocation. This allocator does not explicitly </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="allocator.mt.deallocation"></a>Deallocation Notes</h3></div></div></div><p> Notes about deallocation. This allocator does not explicitly
release memory. Because of this, memory debugging programs like release memory. Because of this, memory debugging programs like
valgrind or purify may notice leaks: sorry about this valgrind or purify may notice leaks: sorry about this
inconvenience. Operating systems will reclaim allocated memory at inconvenience. Operating systems will reclaim allocated memory at
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Numerics Numerics
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</p><div class="section" title="complex Processing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="numerics.complex.processing"></a>complex Processing</h3></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="numerics.complex.processing"></a>complex Processing</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>Using <code class="code">complex&lt;&gt;</code> becomes even more comple- er, sorry, </p><p>Using <code class="code">complex&lt;&gt;</code> becomes even more comple- er, sorry,
<span class="emphasis"><em>complicated</em></span>, with the not-quite-gratuitously-incompatible <span class="emphasis"><em>complicated</em></span>, with the not-quite-gratuitously-incompatible
addition of complex types to the C language. David Tribble has addition of complex types to the C language. David Tribble has
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Interacting with C</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="numerics.html" title="Chapter 12.  Numerics" /><link rel="prev" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html" title="Generalized Operations" /><link rel="next" href="io.html" title="Chapter 13.  Input and Output" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Interacting with C</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="generalized_numeric_operations.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 12. 
Numerics Numerics
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Interacting with C"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.numerics.c"></a>Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Numerics vs. Arrays"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="numerics.c.array"></a>Numerics vs. Arrays</h3></div></div></div><p>One of the major reasons why FORTRAN can chew through numbers so well </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="io.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.numerics.c"></a>Interacting with C</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="numerics.c.array"></a>Numerics vs. Arrays</h3></div></div></div><p>One of the major reasons why FORTRAN can chew through numbers so well
is that it is defined to be free of pointer aliasing, an assumption is that it is defined to be free of pointer aliasing, an assumption
that C89 is not allowed to make, and neither is C++98. C99 adds a new that C89 is not allowed to make, and neither is C++98. C99 adds a new
keyword, <code class="code">restrict</code>, to apply to individual pointers. The keyword, <code class="code">restrict</code>, to apply to individual pointers. The
...@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@ ...@@ -18,7 +17,7 @@
speaking this is only one of the five template classes, and they are speaking this is only one of the five template classes, and they are
designed to be familiar to people who have worked with the BLAS designed to be familiar to people who have worked with the BLAS
libraries before. libraries before.
</p></div><div class="section" title="C99"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h3></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="numerics.c.c99"></a>C99</h3></div></div></div><p>In addition to the other topics on this page, we'll note here some
of the C99 features that appear in libstdc++. of the C99 features that appear in libstdc++.
</p><p>The C99 features depend on the <code class="code">--enable-c99</code> configure flag. </p><p>The C99 features depend on the <code class="code">--enable-c99</code> configure flag.
This flag is already on by default, but it can be disabled by the This flag is already on by default, but it can be disabled by the
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Pairs</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="utilities.html" title="Chapter 6.  Utilities" /><link rel="prev" href="utilities.html" title="Chapter 6.  Utilities" /><link rel="next" href="memory.html" title="Memory" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Pairs</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="utilities.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 6. 
Utilities Utilities
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Pairs"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.util.pairs"></a>Pairs</h2></div></div></div><p>The <code class="code">pair&lt;T1,T2&gt;</code> is a simple and handy way to </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="memory.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.util.pairs"></a>Pairs</h2></div></div></div><p>The <code class="code">pair&lt;T1,T2&gt;</code> is a simple and handy way to
carry around a pair of objects. One is of type T1, and another of carry around a pair of objects. One is of type T1, and another of
type T2; they may be the same type, but you don't get anything type T2; they may be the same type, but you don't get anything
extra if they are. The two members can be accessed directly, as extra if they are. The two members can be accessed directly, as
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, parallel" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode_using.html" title="Using" /><link rel="next" href="parallel_mode_test.html" title="Testing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode_using.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 18. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parallel_mode_test.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Design</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, parallel" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode_using.html" title="Using" /><link rel="next" href="parallel_mode_test.html" title="Testing" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Design</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode_using.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 18. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parallel_mode_test.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Design"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.design"></a>Design</h2></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.intro"></a>Interface Basics</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="section" title="Interface Basics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.intro"></a>Interface Basics</h3></div></div></div><p>
All parallel algorithms are intended to have signatures that are All parallel algorithms are intended to have signatures that are
equivalent to the ISO C++ algorithms replaced. For instance, the equivalent to the ISO C++ algorithms replaced. For instance, the
<code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code> function is declared as: <code class="function">std::adjacent_find</code> function is declared as:
...@@ -36,13 +35,13 @@ function, if no parallel functions are deemed worthy), based on either ...@@ -36,13 +35,13 @@ function, if no parallel functions are deemed worthy), based on either
compile-time or run-time conditions. compile-time or run-time conditions.
</p><p> The available signature options are specific for the different </p><p> The available signature options are specific for the different
algorithms/algorithm classes.</p><p> The general view of overloads for the parallel algorithms look like this: algorithms/algorithm classes.</p><p> The general view of overloads for the parallel algorithms look like this:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature + sequential_tag argument</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature + algorithm-specific tag type </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature + sequential_tag argument</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>ISO C++ signature + algorithm-specific tag type
(several signatures)</p></li></ul></div><p> Please note that the implementation may use additional functions (several signatures)</p></li></ul></div><p> Please note that the implementation may use additional functions
(designated with the <code class="code">_switch</code> suffix) to dispatch from the (designated with the <code class="code">_switch</code> suffix) to dispatch from the
ISO C++ signature to the correct parallel version. Also, some of the ISO C++ signature to the correct parallel version. Also, some of the
algorithms do not have support for run-time conditions, so the last algorithms do not have support for run-time conditions, so the last
overload is therefore missing. overload is therefore missing.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Configuration and Tuning"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning"></a>Configuration and Tuning</h3></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Setting up the OpenMP Environment"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.omp"></a>Setting up the OpenMP Environment</h4></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning"></a>Configuration and Tuning</h3></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.omp"></a>Setting up the OpenMP Environment</h4></div></div></div><p>
Several aspects of the overall runtime environment can be manipulated Several aspects of the overall runtime environment can be manipulated
by standard OpenMP function calls. by standard OpenMP function calls.
</p><p> </p><p>
...@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ Other parts of the runtime environment able to be manipulated include ...@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ Other parts of the runtime environment able to be manipulated include
nested parallelism (<code class="function">omp_set_nested</code>), schedule kind nested parallelism (<code class="function">omp_set_nested</code>), schedule kind
(<code class="function">omp_set_schedule</code>), and others. See the OpenMP (<code class="function">omp_set_schedule</code>), and others. See the OpenMP
documentation for more information. documentation for more information.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Compile Time Switches"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.compile"></a>Compile Time Switches</h4></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.compile"></a>Compile Time Switches</h4></div></div></div><p>
To force an algorithm to execute sequentially, even though parallelism To force an algorithm to execute sequentially, even though parallelism
is switched on in general via the macro <code class="constant">_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL</code>, is switched on in general via the macro <code class="constant">_GLIBCXX_PARALLEL</code>,
add <code class="classname">__gnu_parallel::sequential_tag()</code> to the end add <code class="classname">__gnu_parallel::sequential_tag()</code> to the end
...@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ several additional choices, namely ...@@ -126,7 +125,7 @@ several additional choices, namely
<code class="code">__gnu_parallel::balanced_quicksort_tag</code>. <code class="code">__gnu_parallel::balanced_quicksort_tag</code>.
Multiway mergesort comes with the two splitting strategies for multi-way Multiway mergesort comes with the two splitting strategies for multi-way
merging. The quicksort options cannot be used for <code class="code">stable_sort</code>. merging. The quicksort options cannot be used for <code class="code">stable_sort</code>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Run Time Settings and Defaults"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.settings"></a>Run Time Settings and Defaults</h4></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.tuning.settings"></a>Run Time Settings and Defaults</h4></div></div></div><p>
The default parallelization strategy, the choice of specific algorithm The default parallelization strategy, the choice of specific algorithm
strategy, the minimum threshold limits for individual parallel strategy, the minimum threshold limits for individual parallel
algorithms, and aspects of the underlying hardware can be specified as algorithms, and aspects of the underlying hardware can be specified as
...@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ int main() ...@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ int main()
return 0; return 0;
} }
</pre></div></div><div class="section" title="Implementation Namespaces"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.impl"></a>Implementation Namespaces</h3></div></div></div><p> One namespace contain versions of code that are always </pre></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="parallel_mode.design.impl"></a>Implementation Namespaces</h3></div></div></div><p> One namespace contain versions of code that are always
explicitly sequential: explicitly sequential:
<code class="code">__gnu_serial</code>. <code class="code">__gnu_serial</code>.
</p><p> Two namespaces contain the parallel mode: </p><p> Two namespaces contain the parallel mode:
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Semantics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, parallel" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="next" href="parallel_mode_using.html" title="Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Semantics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 18. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parallel_mode_using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.semantics"></a>Semantics</h2></div></div></div><p> The parallel mode STL algorithms are currently not exception-safe,
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Semantics</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, parallel" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="next" href="parallel_mode_using.html" title="Using" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Semantics</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 18. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="parallel_mode_using.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Semantics"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.semantics"></a>Semantics</h2></div></div></div><p> The parallel mode STL algorithms are currently not exception-safe,
i.e. user-defined functors must not throw exceptions. i.e. user-defined functors must not throw exceptions.
Also, the order of execution is not guaranteed for some functions, of course. Also, the order of execution is not guaranteed for some functions, of course.
Therefore, user-defined functors should not have any concurrent side effects. Therefore, user-defined functors should not have any concurrent side effects.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Testing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, parallel" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode_design.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode_design.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 18. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Testing</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, parallel" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="parallel_mode.html" title="Chapter 18. Parallel Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="parallel_mode_design.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Testing</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="parallel_mode_design.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 18. Parallel Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Testing"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.parallel_mode.test"></a>Testing</h2></div></div></div><p>
Both the normal conformance and regression tests and the Both the normal conformance and regression tests and the
supplemental performance tests work. supplemental performance tests work.
</p><p> </p><p>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Acknowledgments</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, policy, container, data, structure, associated, tree, trie, hash, metaprogramming" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="policy_data_structures.html" title="Chapter 22. Policy-Based Data Structures" /><link rel="prev" href="policy_based_data_structures_test.html" title="Testing" /><link rel="next" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 23. HP/SGI Extensions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Acknowledgments</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="policy_based_data_structures_test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 22. Policy-Based Data Structures</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="pbds.ack"></a>Acknowledgments</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Acknowledgments</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, policy, container, data, structure, associated, tree, trie, hash, metaprogramming" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="policy_data_structures.html" title="Chapter 22. Policy-Based Data Structures" /><link rel="prev" href="policy_based_data_structures_test.html" title="Testing" /><link rel="next" href="ext_containers.html" title="Chapter 23. HP/SGI Extensions" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Acknowledgments</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="policy_based_data_structures_test.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 22. Policy-Based Data Structures</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="ext_containers.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Acknowledgments"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="pbds.ack"></a>Acknowledgments</h2></div></div></div><p>
Written by Ami Tavory and Vladimir Dreizin (IBM Haifa Research Written by Ami Tavory and Vladimir Dreizin (IBM Haifa Research
Laboratories), and Benjamin Kosnik (Red Hat). Laboratories), and Benjamin Kosnik (Red Hat).
</p><p> </p><p>
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Extensions for Custom Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_design.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Extensions for Custom Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_design.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.api"></a>Extensions for Custom Containers</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Extensions for Custom Containers</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_design.html" title="Design" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Extensions for Custom Containers</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_design.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Extensions for Custom Containers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.api"></a>Extensions for Custom Containers</h2></div></div></div><p>
Many large projects use their own data structures instead of the ones in the Many large projects use their own data structures instead of the ones in the
standard library. If these data structures are similar in functionality standard library. If these data structures are similar in functionality
to the standard library, they can be instrumented with the same hooks to the standard library, they can be instrumented with the same hooks
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Empirical Cost Model</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_api.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_impl.html" title="Implementation Issues" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Empirical Cost Model</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_impl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.cost_model"></a>Empirical Cost Model</h2></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Empirical Cost Model</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_api.html" title="Extensions for Custom Containers" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_impl.html" title="Implementation Issues" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Empirical Cost Model</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_api.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_impl.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Empirical Cost Model"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.cost_model"></a>Empirical Cost Model</h2></div></div></div><p>
Currently, the cost model uses formulas with predefined relative weights Currently, the cost model uses formulas with predefined relative weights
for alternative containers or container implementations. For instance, for alternative containers or container implementations. For instance,
iterating through a vector is X times faster than iterating through a list. iterating through a vector is X times faster than iterating through a list.
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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Developer Information</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_impl.html" title="Implementation Issues" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_diagnostics.html" title="Diagnostics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Developer Information</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_impl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_diagnostics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer"></a>Developer Information</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.bigpic"></a>Big Picture</h3></div></div></div><p>The profile mode headers are included with
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Developer Information</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_impl.html" title="Implementation Issues" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_diagnostics.html" title="Diagnostics" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Developer Information</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_impl.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_diagnostics.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Developer Information"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer"></a>Developer Information</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Big Picture"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.bigpic"></a>Big Picture</h3></div></div></div><p>The profile mode headers are included with
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE</code> through preprocessor directives in <code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE</code> through preprocessor directives in
<code class="code">include/std/*</code>. <code class="code">include/std/*</code>.
</p><p>Instrumented implementations are provided in </p><p>Instrumented implementations are provided in
...@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@ ...@@ -14,7 +13,7 @@
must ensure (1) that the call is guarded against reentrance and must ensure (1) that the call is guarded against reentrance and
(2) that the call can be turned off at compile time using a (2) that the call can be turned off at compile time using a
<code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_...</code> compiler option. <code class="code">-D_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_...</code> compiler option.
</p></div><div class="section" title="How To Add A Diagnostic"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.howto"></a>How To Add A Diagnostic</h3></div></div></div><p>Let's say the diagnostic name is "magic". </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.developer.howto"></a>How To Add A Diagnostic</h3></div></div></div><p>Let's say the diagnostic name is "magic".
</p><p>If you need to instrument a header not already under </p><p>If you need to instrument a header not already under
<code class="code">include/profile/*</code>, first edit the corresponding header <code class="code">include/profile/*</code>, first edit the corresponding header
under <code class="code">include/std/</code> and add a preprocessor directive such under <code class="code">include/std/</code> and add a preprocessor directive such
...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ ...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@
All names of methods in namespace <code class="code">__gnu_profile</code> called from All names of methods in namespace <code class="code">__gnu_profile</code> called from
<code class="code">profiler.h</code> must start with <code class="code">__trace_magic_</code>. <code class="code">profiler.h</code> must start with <code class="code">__trace_magic_</code>.
</p><p>Add the implementation of the diagnostic. </p><p>Add the implementation of the diagnostic.
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
Create new file <code class="code">include/profile/impl/profiler_magic.h</code>. Create new file <code class="code">include/profile/impl/profiler_magic.h</code>.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Define class <code class="code">__magic_info: public __object_info_base</code>. Define class <code class="code">__magic_info: public __object_info_base</code>.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation Issues</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_devel.html" title="Developer Information" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation Issues</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_devel.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation"></a>Implementation Issues</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stack"></a>Stack Traces</h3></div></div></div><p>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Implementation Issues</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="C++, library, profile" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="profile_mode.html" title="Chapter 19. Profile Mode" /><link rel="prev" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html" title="Empirical Cost Model" /><link rel="next" href="profile_mode_devel.html" title="Developer Information" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Implementation Issues</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="profile_mode_cost_model.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Chapter 19. Profile Mode</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="profile_mode_devel.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Implementation Issues"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation"></a>Implementation Issues</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Stack Traces"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stack"></a>Stack Traces</h3></div></div></div><p>
Accurate stack traces are needed during profiling since we group events by Accurate stack traces are needed during profiling since we group events by
call context and dynamic instance. Without accurate traces, diagnostics call context and dynamic instance. Without accurate traces, diagnostics
may be hard to interpret. For instance, when giving advice to the user may be hard to interpret. For instance, when giving advice to the user
...@@ -11,24 +10,24 @@ ...@@ -11,24 +10,24 @@
<code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_STACK_DEPTH</code> can be set <code class="code">_GLIBCXX_PROFILE_STACK_DEPTH</code> can be set
to 0 if you are willing to give up call context information, or to a small to 0 if you are willing to give up call context information, or to a small
positive value to reduce run time overhead. positive value to reduce run time overhead.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Symbolization of Instruction Addresses"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.symbols"></a>Symbolization of Instruction Addresses</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.symbols"></a>Symbolization of Instruction Addresses</h3></div></div></div><p>
The profiling and analysis phases use only instruction addresses. The profiling and analysis phases use only instruction addresses.
An external utility such as addr2line is needed to postprocess the result. An external utility such as addr2line is needed to postprocess the result.
We do not plan to add symbolization support in the profile extension. We do not plan to add symbolization support in the profile extension.
This would require access to symbol tables, debug information tables, This would require access to symbol tables, debug information tables,
external programs or libraries and other system dependent information. external programs or libraries and other system dependent information.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Concurrency"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.concurrency"></a>Concurrency</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.concurrency"></a>Concurrency</h3></div></div></div><p>
Our current model is simplistic, but precise. Our current model is simplistic, but precise.
We cannot afford to approximate because some of our diagnostics require We cannot afford to approximate because some of our diagnostics require
precise matching of operations to container instance and call context. precise matching of operations to container instance and call context.
During profiling, we keep a single information table per diagnostic. During profiling, we keep a single information table per diagnostic.
There is a single lock per information table. There is a single lock per information table.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stdlib-in-proflib"></a>Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.stdlib-in-proflib"></a>Using the Standard Library in the Instrumentation Implementation</h3></div></div></div><p>
As much as we would like to avoid uses of libstdc++ within our As much as we would like to avoid uses of libstdc++ within our
instrumentation library, containers such as unordered_map are very instrumentation library, containers such as unordered_map are very
appealing. We plan to use them as long as they are named properly appealing. We plan to use them as long as they are named properly
to avoid ambiguity. to avoid ambiguity.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Malloc Hooks"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.malloc-hooks"></a>Malloc Hooks</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.malloc-hooks"></a>Malloc Hooks</h3></div></div></div><p>
User applications/libraries can provide malloc hooks. User applications/libraries can provide malloc hooks.
When the implementation of the malloc hooks uses stdlibc++, there can When the implementation of the malloc hooks uses stdlibc++, there can
be an infinite cycle between the profile mode instrumentation and the be an infinite cycle between the profile mode instrumentation and the
...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ ...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@
uses non-recursive locks. uses non-recursive locks.
XXX: A definitive solution to this problem would be for the profile extension XXX: A definitive solution to this problem would be for the profile extension
to use a custom allocator internally, and perhaps not to use libstdc++. to use a custom allocator internally, and perhaps not to use libstdc++.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Construction and Destruction of Global Objects"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.construction-destruction"></a>Construction and Destruction of Global Objects</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="manual.ext.profile_mode.implementation.construction-destruction"></a>Construction and Destruction of Global Objects</h3></div></div></div><p>
The profiling library state is initialized at the first call to a profiling The profiling library state is initialized at the first call to a profiling
method. This allows us to record the construction of all global objects. method. This allows us to record the construction of all global objects.
However, we cannot do the same at destruction time. The trace is written However, we cannot do the same at destruction time. The trace is written
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Chapter 2. Setup</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="intro.html" title="Part I.  Introduction" /><link rel="prev" href="bugs.html" title="Bugs" /><link rel="next" href="configure.html" title="Configure" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 2. Setup</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bugs.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Part I. 
Introduction Introduction
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter" title="Chapter 2. Setup"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.setup"></a>Chapter 2. Setup</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>To transform libstdc++ sources into installed include files </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title"><a id="manual.intro.setup"></a>Chapter 2. Setup</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="setup.html#manual.intro.setup.prereq">Prerequisites</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="configure.html">Configure</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="make.html">Make</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>To transform libstdc++ sources into installed include files
and properly built binaries useful for linking to other software is and properly built binaries useful for linking to other software is
a multi-step process. Steps include getting the sources, a multi-step process. Steps include getting the sources,
configuring and building the sources, testing, and installation. configuring and building the sources, testing, and installation.
...@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ ...@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@
make install make install
</pre><p> </pre><p>
Each step is described in more detail in the following sections. Each step is described in more detail in the following sections.
</p><div class="section" title="Prerequisites"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h2></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="manual.intro.setup.prereq"></a>Prerequisites</h2></div></div></div><p>
Because libstdc++ is part of GCC, the primary source for Because libstdc++ is part of GCC, the primary source for
installation instructions is installation instructions is
<a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">the GCC install page</a>. <a class="link" href="http://gcc.gnu.org/install/" target="_top">the GCC install page</a>.
...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@ ...@@ -42,7 +41,7 @@
Hacking</a> in the appendix for full details. Hacking</a> in the appendix for full details.
</p><p> </p><p>
Finally, a few system-specific requirements: Finally, a few system-specific requirements:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl><dt><span class="term">linux</span></dt><dd><p> </p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">linux</span></dt><dd><p>
If GCC 3.1.0 or later on is being used on GNU/Linux, an attempt If GCC 3.1.0 or later on is being used on GNU/Linux, an attempt
will be made to use "C" library functionality necessary for will be made to use "C" library functionality necessary for
C++ named locale support. For GCC 4.6.0 and later, this C++ named locale support. For GCC 4.6.0 and later, this
...@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ zh_TW BIG5 ...@@ -84,7 +83,7 @@ zh_TW BIG5
libstdc++ after "C" locales are installed is not necessary. libstdc++ after "C" locales are installed is not necessary.
</p><p> </p><p>
To install support for locales, do only one of the following: To install support for locales, do only one of the following:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p>install all locales</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>install just the necessary locales</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="circle"><li class="listitem"><p>with Debian GNU/Linux:</p><p> Add the above list, as shown, to the file </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>install all locales</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>install just the necessary locales</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: circle; "><li class="listitem"><p>with Debian GNU/Linux:</p><p> Add the above list, as shown, to the file
<code class="code">/etc/locale.gen</code> </p><p> run <code class="code">/usr/sbin/locale-gen</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>on most Unix-like operating systems:</p><p><code class="code"> localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE </code></p><p>(repeat for each entry in the above list) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p> <code class="code">/etc/locale.gen</code> </p><p> run <code class="code">/usr/sbin/locale-gen</code> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>on most Unix-like operating systems:</p><p><code class="code"> localedef -i de_DE -f ISO-8859-1 de_DE </code></p><p>(repeat for each entry in the above list) </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Instructions for other operating systems solicited. Instructions for other operating systems solicited.
</p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bugs.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="intro.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Bugs </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Configure</td></tr></table></div></body></html> </p></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="bugs.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="intro.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="configure.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Bugs </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Configure</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/source_code_style.html
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Coding Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.77.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /><link rel="next" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Coding Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_organization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A. 
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8" /><title>Coding Style</title><meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL-NS Stylesheets V1.76.1" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, library" /><meta name="keywords" content="ISO C++, runtime, library" /><link rel="home" href="../index.html" title="The GNU C++ Library" /><link rel="up" href="appendix_contributing.html" title="Appendix A.  Contributing" /><link rel="prev" href="source_organization.html" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions" /><link rel="next" href="source_design_notes.html" title="Design Notes" /></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Coding Style</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="source_organization.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center">Appendix A. 
Contributing Contributing
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Coding Style"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.coding_style"></a>Coding Style</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_design_notes.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.coding_style"></a>Coding Style</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="section" title="Bad Identifiers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.bad_identifiers"></a>Bad Identifiers</h3></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.bad_identifiers"></a>Bad Identifiers</h3></div></div></div><p>
Identifiers that conflict and should be avoided. Identifiers that conflict and should be avoided.
</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br /> </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
      This is the list of names <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">reserved to the<br />       This is the list of names <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">reserved to the<br />
...@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@ ...@@ -192,7 +191,7 @@
      // long double conversion members mangled as __opr<br />       // long double conversion members mangled as __opr<br />
      // http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999-q4/msg00060.html<br />       // http://gcc.gnu.org/ml/libstdc++/1999-q4/msg00060.html<br />
      __opr<br />       __opr<br />
    </p></div></div><div class="section" title="By Example"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.example"></a>By Example</h3></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />     </p></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="coding_style.example"></a>By Example</h3></div></div></div><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
      This library is written to appropriate C++ coding standards. As such,<br />       This library is written to appropriate C++ coding standards. As such,<br />
      it is intended to precede the recommendations of the GNU Coding<br />       it is intended to precede the recommendations of the GNU Coding<br />
      Standard, which can be referenced in full here:<br />       Standard, which can be referenced in full here:<br />
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_porting.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Design Notes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.design_notes"></a>Design Notes</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="appendix_porting.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.design_notes"></a>Design Notes</h2></div></div></div><p>
</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br /> </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
<br /> <br />
    The Library<br />     The Library<br />
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_code_style.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Directory Layout and Source Conventions"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.organization"></a>Directory Layout and Source Conventions</h2></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="source_code_style.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="contrib.organization"></a>Directory Layout and Source Conventions</h2></div></div></div><p>
The unpacked source directory of libstdc++ contains the files The unpacked source directory of libstdc++ contains the files
needed to create the GNU C++ Library. needed to create the GNU C++ Library.
</p><div class="literallayout"><p><br /> </p><div class="literallayout"><p><br />
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libstdc++-v3/doc/html/manual/streambufs.html
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Input and Output Input and Output
</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="stringstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Stream Buffers"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.streambufs"></a>Stream Buffers</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Derived streambuf Classes"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="io.streambuf.derived"></a>Derived streambuf Classes</h3></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="stringstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.streambufs"></a>Stream Buffers</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="io.streambuf.derived"></a>Derived streambuf Classes</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>Creating your own stream buffers for I/O can be remarkably easy. </p><p>Creating your own stream buffers for I/O can be remarkably easy.
If you are interested in doing so, we highly recommend two very If you are interested in doing so, we highly recommend two very
excellent books: excellent books:
...@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@ ...@@ -57,7 +56,7 @@
<code class="code">include/ext/*_filebuf.h</code>, and in this article by James Kanze: <code class="code">include/ext/*_filebuf.h</code>, and in this article by James Kanze:
<a class="link" href="http://kanze.james.neuf.fr/articles/fltrsbf1.html" target="_top">Filtering <a class="link" href="http://kanze.james.neuf.fr/articles/fltrsbf1.html" target="_top">Filtering
Streambufs</a>. Streambufs</a>.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Buffering"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="io.streambuf.buffering"></a>Buffering</h3></div></div></div><p>First, are you sure that you understand buffering? Particularly </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="io.streambuf.buffering"></a>Buffering</h3></div></div></div><p>First, are you sure that you understand buffering? Particularly
the fact that C++ may not, in fact, have anything to do with it? the fact that C++ may not, in fact, have anything to do with it?
</p><p>The rules for buffering can be a little odd, but they aren't any </p><p>The rules for buffering can be a little odd, but they aren't any
different from those of C. (Maybe that's why they can be a bit different from those of C. (Maybe that's why they can be a bit
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</th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section" title="Memory Based Streams"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.memstreams"></a>Memory Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Compatibility With strstream"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.memstreams.compat"></a>Compatibility With strstream</h3></div></div></div><p> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="fstreams.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.io.memstreams"></a>Memory Based Streams</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.io.memstreams.compat"></a>Compatibility With strstream</h3></div></div></div><p>
</p><p>Stringstreams (defined in the header <code class="code">&lt;sstream&gt;</code>) </p><p>Stringstreams (defined in the header <code class="code">&lt;sstream&gt;</code>)
are in this author's opinion one of the coolest things since are in this author's opinion one of the coolest things since
sliced time. An example of their use is in the Received Wisdom sliced time. An example of their use is in the Received Wisdom
......
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Standard Contents Standard Contents
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Support Support
<a id="idp13893072" class="indexterm"></a> <a id="idp13743888" class="indexterm"></a>
</h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types">Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.numeric_limits">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.null">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="dynamic_memory.html">Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html">Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.verbose">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p> </h2></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types">Types</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.fundamental">Fundamental Types</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.numeric_limits">Numeric Properties</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="support.html#std.support.types.null">NULL</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="section"><a href="dynamic_memory.html">Dynamic Memory</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html">Termination</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.handlers">Termination Handlers</a></span></dt><dt><span class="section"><a href="termination.html#support.termination.verbose">Verbose Terminate Handler</a></span></dt></dl></dd></dl></div><p>
This part deals with the functions called and objects created This part deals with the functions called and objects created
automatically during the course of a program's existence. automatically during the course of a program's existence.
...@@ -16,9 +15,9 @@ ...@@ -16,9 +15,9 @@
need to get your own copy from your nation's member body; see our need to get your own copy from your nation's member body; see our
homepage for help), we can mention a couple of changes in what homepage for help), we can mention a couple of changes in what
kind of support a C++ program gets from the Standard Library. kind of support a C++ program gets from the Standard Library.
</p><div class="section" title="Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.support.types"></a>Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="section" title="Fundamental Types"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.fundamental"></a>Fundamental Types</h3></div></div></div><p> </p><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="std.support.types"></a>Types</h2></div></div></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.fundamental"></a>Fundamental Types</h3></div></div></div><p>
C++ has the following builtin types: C++ has the following builtin types:
</p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" type="disc"><li class="listitem"><p> </p><div class="itemizedlist"><ul class="itemizedlist" style="list-style-type: disc; "><li class="listitem"><p>
char char
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p> </p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
signed char signed char
...@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ ...@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@
</p><p> </p><p>
Specializing parts of the library on these types is prohibited: Specializing parts of the library on these types is prohibited:
instead, use a POD. instead, use a POD.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Numeric Properties"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Properties</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.numeric_limits"></a>Numeric Properties</h3></div></div></div><p>
The header <code class="filename">limits</code> defines The header <code class="filename">limits</code> defines
traits classes to give access to various implementation traits classes to give access to various implementation
defined-aspects of the fundamental types. The traits classes -- defined-aspects of the fundamental types. The traits classes --
...@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@ ...@@ -99,7 +98,7 @@
static const bool tinyness_before; static const bool tinyness_before;
static const float_round_style round_style; static const float_round_style round_style;
}; };
</pre></div><div class="section" title="NULL"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.null"></a>NULL</h3></div></div></div><p> </pre></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="std.support.types.null"></a>NULL</h3></div></div></div><p>
The only change that might affect people is the type of The only change that might affect people is the type of
<code class="constant">NULL</code>: while it is required to be a macro, <code class="constant">NULL</code>: while it is required to be a macro,
the definition of that macro is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed the definition of that macro is <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> allowed
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Not many changes here to <code class="filename">cstdlib</code>. You should note that the Not many changes here to <code class="filename">cstdlib</code>. You should note that the
<code class="function">abort()</code> function does not call the <code class="function">abort()</code> function does not call the
destructors of automatic nor static objects, so if you're destructors of automatic nor static objects, so if you're
...@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@ ...@@ -45,7 +44,7 @@
functions, and the compiler/library might already be using some of functions, and the compiler/library might already be using some of
those slots. If you think you may run out, we recommend using those slots. If you think you may run out, we recommend using
the <code class="function">xatexit</code>/<code class="function">xexit</code> combination from <code class="literal">libiberty</code>, which has no such limit. the <code class="function">xatexit</code>/<code class="function">xexit</code> combination from <code class="literal">libiberty</code>, which has no such limit.
</p></div><div class="section" title="Verbose Terminate Handler"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="support.termination.verbose"></a>Verbose Terminate Handler</h3></div></div></div><p> </p></div><div class="section"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="support.termination.verbose"></a>Verbose Terminate Handler</h3></div></div></div><p>
If you are having difficulty with uncaught exceptions and want a If you are having difficulty with uncaught exceptions and want a
little bit of help debugging the causes of the core dumps, you can little bit of help debugging the causes of the core dumps, you can
make use of a GNU extension, the verbose terminate handler. make use of a GNU extension, the verbose terminate handler.
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</p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="memory.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="strings.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Memory </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7.  </p></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="memory.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="utilities.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="strings.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Memory </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 7. 
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The unordered containers in libstdc++ may cache the hash code for each
element alongside the element itself. In some cases not recalculating
the hash code every time it's needed can improve performance, but the
additional memory overhead can also reduce performance, so whether an
unordered associative container caches the hash code or not depends on
a number of factors. The caching policy for GCC 4.8 is described below.
</p><p>
The C++ standard requires that <code class="code">erase</code> and <code class="code">swap</code>
operations must not throw exceptions. Those operations might need an
element's hash code, but cannot use the hash function if it could
throw.
This means the hash codes will be cached unless the hash function
has a non-throwing exception specification such as <code class="code">noexcept</code>
or <code class="code">throw()</code>.
</p><p>
Secondly, libstdc++ also needs the hash code in the implementation of
<code class="code">local_iterator</code> and <code class="code">const_local_iterator</code> in
order to know when the iterator has reached the end of the bucket.
This means that the local iterator types will embed a copy of the hash
function when possible.
Because the local iterator types must be DefaultConstructible and
CopyAssignable, if the hash function type does not model those concepts
then it cannot be embedded and so the hash code must be cached.
Note that a hash function might not be safe to use when
default-constructed (e.g if it a function pointer) so a hash
function that is contained in a local iterator won't be used until
the iterator is valid, so the hash function has been copied from a
correctly-initialized object.
</p><p>
If the hash function is non-throwing, DefaultConstructible and
CopyAssignable then libstdc++ doesn't need to cache the hash code for
correctness, but might still do so for performance if computing a
hash code is an expensive operation, as it may be for arbitrarily
long strings.
As an extension libstdc++ provides a trait type to describe whether
a hash function is fast. By default hash functions are assumed to be
fast unless the trait is specialized for the hash function and the
trait's value is false, in which case the hash code will always be
cached.
The trait can be specialized for user-defined hash functions like so:
</p><pre class="programlisting">
#include &lt;unordered_set&gt;
struct hasher
{
std::size_t operator()(int val) const noexcept
{
// Some very slow computation of a hash code from an int !
...
}
}
namespace std
{
template&lt;&gt;
struct __is_fast_hash&lt;hasher&gt; : std::false_type
{ };
}
</pre></div></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="associative.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="u" href="containers.html">Up</a></td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="containers_and_c.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Associative </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="../index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Interacting with C</td></tr></table></div></body></html>
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