Implement git_odb__read_loose()

Signed-off-by: Ramsay Jones <ramsay@ramsay1.demon.co.uk>
Signed-off-by: Shawn O. Pearce <spearce@spearce.org>

Makefile

@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ $(TEST_EXE): tests/%.exe: tests/%.o tests/%_main.o
 	$(CC) -o $@ \
 		$(patsubst %.exe,%_main.o,$@) \
 		$(patsubst %.exe,%.o,$@) \
-		$(T_LIB) -L. -lgit2
+		$(T_LIB) -L. -lgit2 -lz
 
 $(TEST_RUN): tests/%.run: tests/%.exe
 	@t=trash-$(<F) && \

src/fileops.h

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ typedef struct {  /* file io buffer  */
 
 
 #define gitfo_open(path, flags) open(path, flags)
+#define gitfo_creat(path, mode) creat(path, mode)
 #define gitfo_close(fd) close(fd)
 
 extern int gitfo_read(git_file fd, void *buf, size_t cnt);

src/odb.c

@@ -24,7 +24,9 @@
  */
 
 #include "git/odb.h"
-#include "util.h"
+#include "git/zlib.h"
+#include "common.h"
+#include "fileops.h"
 
 struct git_odb {
 	/** Path to the "objects" directory. */
@@ -34,6 +36,11 @@ struct git_odb {
 	git_odb **alternates;
 };
 
+typedef struct {  /* object header data */
+	git_otype type;  /* object type */
+	size_t    size;  /* object size */
+} obj_hdr;
+
 static struct {
 	const char *str;   /* type name string */
 	int        loose;  /* valid loose object type flag */
@@ -76,6 +83,291 @@ int git_obj__loose_object_type(git_otype type)
 	return obj_type_table[type].loose;
 }
 
+static int object_file_name(char *name, size_t n, char *dir, const git_oid *id)
+{
+	size_t len = strlen(dir);
+
+	/* check length: 43 = 40 hex sha1 chars + 2 * '/' + '\0' */
+	if (len+43 > n)
+		return len+43;
+
+	/* the object dir: eg $GIT_DIR/objects */
+	strcpy(name, dir);
+	if (name[len-1] != '/')
+		name[len++] = '/';
+
+	/* loose object filename: aa/aaa... (41 bytes) */
+	git_oid_pathfmt(&name[len], id);
+	name[len+41] = '\0';
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+static int is_zlib_compressed_data(unsigned char *data)
+{
+	unsigned int w;
+
+	w = ((unsigned int)(data[0]) << 8) + data[1];
+	return data[0] == 0x78 && !(w %31);
+}
+
+static size_t get_binary_object_header(obj_hdr *hdr, gitfo_buf *obj)
+{
+	unsigned char c;
+	unsigned char *data = obj->data;
+	size_t shift, size, used = 0;
+
+	if (obj->len == 0)
+		return 0;
+
+	c = data[used++];
+	hdr->type = (c >> 4) & 7;
+
+	size = c & 15;
+	shift = 4;
+	while (c & 0x80) {
+		if (obj->len <= used)
+			return 0;
+		if (sizeof(size_t) * 8 <= shift)
+			return 0;
+		c = data[used++];
+		size += (c & 0x7f) << shift;
+		shift += 7;
+	}
+	hdr->size = size;
+
+	return used;
+}
+
+static size_t get_object_header(obj_hdr *hdr, unsigned char *data)
+{
+	char c, typename[10];
+	size_t size, used = 0;
+
+	/*
+	 * type name string followed by space.
+	 */
+	while ((c = data[used]) != ' ') {
+		typename[used++] = c;
+		if (used >= sizeof(typename))
+			return 0;
+	}
+	typename[used] = 0;
+	if (used == 0)
+		return 0;
+	hdr->type = git_obj_string_to_type(typename);
+	used++;  /* consume the space */
+
+	/*
+	 * length follows immediately in decimal (without
+	 * leading zeros).
+	 */
+	size = data[used++] - '0';
+	if (size > 9)
+		return 0;
+	if (size) {
+		while ((c = data[used]) != '\0') {
+			size_t d = c - '0';
+			if (d > 9)
+				break;
+			used++;
+			size = size * 10 + d;
+		}
+	}
+	hdr->size = size;
+
+	/*
+	 * the length must be followed by a zero byte
+	 */
+	if (data[used++] != '\0')
+		return 0;
+
+	return used;
+}
+
+static void init_stream(z_stream *s, void *out, size_t len)
+{
+	memset(s, 0, sizeof(*s));
+	s->next_out  = out;
+	s->avail_out = len;
+}
+
+static void set_stream_input(z_stream *s, void *in, size_t len)
+{
+	s->next_in  = in;
+	s->avail_in = len;
+}
+
+static void set_stream_output(z_stream *s, void *out, size_t len)
+{
+	s->next_out  = out;
+	s->avail_out = len;
+}
+
+static int start_inflate(z_stream *s, gitfo_buf *obj, void *out, size_t len)
+{
+	init_stream(s, out, len);
+	set_stream_input(s, obj->data, obj->len);
+	inflateInit(s);
+	return inflate(s, 0);
+}
+
+static int finish_inflate(z_stream *s)
+{
+	int status = Z_OK;
+
+	while (status == Z_OK)
+		status = inflate(s, Z_FINISH);
+
+	inflateEnd(s);
+
+	if ((status != Z_STREAM_END) || (s->avail_in != 0))
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	return GIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static void *inflate_tail(z_stream *s, void *hb, size_t used, obj_hdr *hdr)
+{
+	unsigned char *buf, *head = hb;
+	size_t tail;
+
+	/*
+	 * allocate a buffer to hold the inflated data and copy the
+	 * initial sequence of inflated data from the tail of the
+	 * head buffer, if any.
+	 */
+	if ((buf = malloc(hdr->size + 1)) == NULL)
+		return NULL;
+	tail = s->total_out - used;
+	if (used > 0 && tail > 0) {
+		if (tail > hdr->size)
+			tail = hdr->size;
+		memcpy(buf, head + used, tail);
+	}
+	used = tail;
+
+	/*
+	 * inflate the remainder of the object data, if any
+	 */
+	if (hdr->size >= used) {
+		set_stream_output(s, buf + used, hdr->size - used);
+		if (finish_inflate(s)) {
+			free(buf);
+			return NULL;
+		}
+	}
+
+	return buf;
+}
+
+static int inflate_buffer(void *in, size_t inlen, void *out, size_t outlen)
+{
+	z_stream zs;
+	int status = Z_OK;
+
+	init_stream(&zs, out, outlen);
+	set_stream_input(&zs, in, inlen);
+
+	inflateInit(&zs);
+
+	while (status == Z_OK)
+		status = inflate(&zs, Z_FINISH);
+
+	inflateEnd(&zs);
+
+	if ((status != Z_STREAM_END) || (zs.total_out != outlen))
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	if (zs.avail_in != 0)
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	return GIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+/*
+ * At one point, there was a loose object format that was intended to
+ * mimic the format used in pack-files. This was to allow easy copying
+ * of loose object data into packs. This format is no longer used, but
+ * we must still read it.
+ */
+static int inflate_packlike_loose_disk_obj(git_obj *out, gitfo_buf *obj)
+{
+	unsigned char *in, *buf;
+	obj_hdr hdr;
+	size_t len, used;
+
+	/*
+	 * read the object header, which is an (uncompressed)
+	 * binary encoding of the object type and size.
+	 */
+	if ((used = get_binary_object_header(&hdr, obj)) == 0)
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	if (!git_obj__loose_object_type(hdr.type))
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	/*
+	 * allocate a buffer and inflate the data into it
+	 */
+	buf = malloc(hdr.size+1);
+	in  = ((unsigned char *)obj->data) + used;
+	len = obj->len - used;
+	if (inflate_buffer(in, len, buf, hdr.size)) {
+		free(buf);
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+	}
+	buf[hdr.size] = '\0';
+
+	out->data = buf;
+	out->len  = hdr.size;
+	out->type = hdr.type;
+
+	return GIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
+static int inflate_disk_obj(git_obj *out, gitfo_buf *obj)
+{
+	unsigned char head[64], *buf;
+	z_stream zs;
+	int z_status;
+	obj_hdr hdr;
+	size_t used;
+
+	/*
+	 * check for a pack-like loose object
+	 */
+	if (!is_zlib_compressed_data(obj->data))
+		return inflate_packlike_loose_disk_obj(out, obj);
+
+	/*
+	 * inflate the initial part of the io buffer in order
+	 * to parse the object header (type and size).
+	 */
+	if ((z_status = start_inflate(&zs, obj, head, sizeof(head))) < Z_OK)
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	if ((used = get_object_header(&hdr, head)) == 0)
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	if (!git_obj__loose_object_type(hdr.type))
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+
+	/*
+	 * allocate a buffer and inflate the object data into it
+	 * (including the initial sequence in the head buffer).
+	 */
+	if ((buf = inflate_tail(&zs, head, used, &hdr)) == NULL)
+		return GIT_ERROR;
+	buf[hdr.size] = '\0';
+
+	out->data = buf;
+	out->len  = hdr.size;
+	out->type = hdr.type;
+
+	return GIT_SUCCESS;
+}
+
 static int open_alternates(git_odb *db)
 {
 	unsigned n = 0;
@@ -141,6 +433,28 @@ attempt:
 
 int git_odb__read_loose(git_obj *out, git_odb *db, const git_oid *id)
 {
+	char file[GIT_PATH_MAX];
+	gitfo_buf obj = GITFO_BUF_INIT;
+
+	assert(out && db && id);
+
+	out->data = NULL;
+	out->len  = 0;
+	out->type = GIT_OBJ_BAD;
+
+	if (object_file_name(file, sizeof(file), db->path, id))
+		return GIT_ENOTFOUND;  /* TODO: error handling */
+
+	if (gitfo_read_file(&obj, file))
+		return GIT_ENOTFOUND;  /* TODO: error handling */
+
+	if (inflate_disk_obj(out, &obj)) {
+		gitfo_free_buf(&obj);
+		return GIT_ENOTFOUND;  /* TODO: error handling */
+	}
+
+	gitfo_free_buf(&obj);
+
 	return GIT_SUCCESS;
 }
 

tests/t0000-read1.c

+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "test_lib.h"
+#include <git/odb.h>
+#include "fileops.h"
+
+static char *odb_dir = "test-objects";
+
+typedef struct object_data {
+    unsigned char *bytes;  /* (compressed) bytes stored in object store */
+    size_t        blen;    /* length of data in object store            */
+    char          *id;     /* object id (sha1)                          */
+    char          *type;   /* object type                               */
+    char          *dir;    /* object store (fan-out) directory name     */
+    char          *file;   /* object store filename                     */
+    unsigned char *data;   /* (uncompressed) object data                */
+    size_t        dlen;    /* length of (uncompressed) object data      */
+} object_data;
+
+/* commit == 3d7f8a6af076c8c3f20071a8935cdbe8228594d1 */
+static unsigned char commit_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x01, 0x85, 0x50, 0xc1, 0x6a, 0xc3, 0x30,
+    0x0c, 0xdd, 0xd9, 0x5f, 0xa1, 0xfb, 0x96, 0x12,
+    0xbb, 0x29, 0x71, 0x46, 0x19, 0x2b, 0x3d, 0x97,
+    0x1d, 0xd6, 0x7d, 0x80, 0x1d, 0xcb, 0x89, 0x21,
+    0xb6, 0x82, 0xed, 0x40, 0xf3, 0xf7, 0xf3, 0x48,
+    0x29, 0x3b, 0x6d, 0xd2, 0xe5, 0xbd, 0x27, 0xbd,
+    0x27, 0x50, 0x4f, 0xde, 0xbb, 0x0c, 0xfb, 0x43,
+    0xf3, 0x94, 0x23, 0x22, 0x18, 0x6b, 0x85, 0x51,
+    0x5d, 0xad, 0xc5, 0xa1, 0x41, 0xae, 0x51, 0x4b,
+    0xd9, 0x19, 0x6e, 0x4b, 0x0b, 0x29, 0x35, 0x72,
+    0x59, 0xef, 0x5b, 0x29, 0x8c, 0x65, 0x6a, 0xc9,
+    0x23, 0x45, 0x38, 0xc1, 0x17, 0x5c, 0x7f, 0xc0,
+    0x71, 0x13, 0xde, 0xf1, 0xa6, 0xfc, 0x3c, 0xe1,
+    0xae, 0x27, 0xff, 0x06, 0x5c, 0x88, 0x56, 0xf2,
+    0x46, 0x74, 0x2d, 0x3c, 0xd7, 0xa5, 0x58, 0x51,
+    0xcb, 0xb9, 0x8c, 0x11, 0xce, 0xf0, 0x01, 0x97,
+    0x0d, 0x1e, 0x1f, 0xea, 0x3f, 0x6e, 0x76, 0x02,
+    0x0a, 0x58, 0x4d, 0x2e, 0x20, 0x6c, 0x1e, 0x48,
+    0x8b, 0xf7, 0x2a, 0xae, 0x8c, 0x5d, 0x47, 0x04,
+    0x4d, 0x66, 0x05, 0xb2, 0x90, 0x0b, 0xbe, 0xcf,
+    0x3d, 0xa6, 0xa4, 0x06, 0x7c, 0x29, 0x3c, 0x64,
+    0xe5, 0x82, 0x0b, 0x03, 0xd8, 0x25, 0x96, 0x8d,
+    0x08, 0x78, 0x9b, 0x27, 0x15, 0x54, 0x76, 0x14,
+    0xd8, 0xdd, 0x35, 0x2f, 0x71, 0xa6, 0x84, 0x8f,
+    0x90, 0x51, 0x85, 0x01, 0x13, 0xb8, 0x90, 0x23,
+    0x99, 0xa5, 0x47, 0x03, 0x7a, 0xfd, 0x15, 0xbf,
+    0x63, 0xec, 0xd3, 0x0d, 0x01, 0x4d, 0x45, 0xb6,
+    0xd2, 0xeb, 0xeb, 0xdf, 0xef, 0x60, 0xdf, 0xef,
+    0x1f, 0x78, 0x35,
+};
+
+static unsigned char commit_data[] = {
+    0x74, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x20, 0x64, 0x66, 0x66,
+    0x32, 0x64, 0x61, 0x39, 0x30, 0x62, 0x32, 0x35,
+    0x34, 0x65, 0x31, 0x62, 0x65, 0x62, 0x38, 0x38,
+    0x39, 0x64, 0x31, 0x66, 0x31, 0x66, 0x31, 0x32,
+    0x38, 0x38, 0x62, 0x65, 0x31, 0x38, 0x30, 0x33,
+    0x37, 0x38, 0x32, 0x64, 0x66, 0x0a, 0x61, 0x75,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x41, 0x20, 0x55,
+    0x20, 0x54, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x3c, 0x61,
+    0x75, 0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78,
+    0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x3e, 0x20, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x37, 0x38,
+    0x31, 0x34, 0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x0a, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d,
+    0x69, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x43, 0x20,
+    0x4f, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x20, 0x3c, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74,
+    0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d,
+    0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x3e,
+    0x20, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x37, 0x38, 0x31, 0x34,
+    0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x41, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x65,
+    0x2d, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x20, 0x73, 0x75, 0x6d,
+    0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x79, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x54, 0x68,
+    0x65, 0x20, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x79, 0x20, 0x6f,
+    0x66, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73,
+    0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6e, 0x74, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67,
+    0x20, 0x66, 0x75, 0x72, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x20, 0x65, 0x78, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x61,
+    0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x0a, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0x72, 0x70,
+    0x6f, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x67,
+    0x65, 0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x72, 0x6f,
+    0x64, 0x75, 0x63, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x62, 0x79,
+    0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d,
+    0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x53, 0x69,
+    0x67, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x64, 0x2d, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x2d,
+    0x62, 0x79, 0x3a, 0x20, 0x41, 0x20, 0x55, 0x20,
+    0x54, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x3c, 0x61, 0x75,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61,
+    0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d,
+    0x3e, 0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data commit = {
+    commit_bytes,
+    sizeof(commit_bytes),
+    "3d7f8a6af076c8c3f20071a8935cdbe8228594d1",
+    "commit",
+    "test-objects/3d",
+    "test-objects/3d/7f8a6af076c8c3f20071a8935cdbe8228594d1",
+    commit_data,
+    sizeof(commit_data),
+};
+
+/* tree == dff2da90b254e1beb889d1f1f1288be1803782df */
+static unsigned char tree_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x01, 0x2b, 0x29, 0x4a, 0x4d, 0x55, 0x30,
+    0x34, 0x32, 0x63, 0x30, 0x34, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33,
+    0x31, 0x51, 0xc8, 0xcf, 0x4b, 0x65, 0xe8, 0x16,
+    0xae, 0x98, 0x58, 0x29, 0xff, 0x32, 0x53, 0x7d,
+    0x6d, 0xc5, 0x33, 0x6f, 0xae, 0xb5, 0xd5, 0xf7,
+    0x2e, 0x74, 0xdf, 0x81, 0x4a, 0x17, 0xe7, 0xe7,
+    0xa6, 0x32, 0xfc, 0x6d, 0x31, 0xd8, 0xd3, 0xe6,
+    0xf3, 0xe7, 0xea, 0x47, 0xbe, 0xd0, 0x09, 0x3f,
+    0x96, 0xb8, 0x3f, 0x90, 0x9e, 0xa2, 0xfd, 0x0f,
+    0x2a, 0x5f, 0x52, 0x9e, 0xcf, 0x50, 0x31, 0x43,
+    0x52, 0x29, 0xd1, 0x5a, 0xeb, 0x77, 0x82, 0x2a,
+    0x8b, 0xfe, 0xb7, 0xbd, 0xed, 0x5d, 0x07, 0x67,
+    0xfa, 0xb5, 0x42, 0xa5, 0xab, 0x52, 0x8b, 0xf2,
+    0x19, 0x9e, 0xcd, 0x7d, 0x34, 0x7b, 0xd3, 0xc5,
+    0x6b, 0xce, 0xde, 0xdd, 0x9a, 0xeb, 0xca, 0xa3,
+    0x6e, 0x1c, 0x7a, 0xd2, 0x13, 0x3c, 0x11, 0x00,
+    0xe2, 0xaa, 0x38, 0x57,
+};
+
+static unsigned char tree_data[] = {
+    0x31, 0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x6f,
+    0x6e, 0x65, 0x00, 0x8b, 0x13, 0x78, 0x91, 0x79,
+    0x1f, 0xe9, 0x69, 0x27, 0xad, 0x78, 0xe6, 0x4b,
+    0x0a, 0xad, 0x7b, 0xde, 0xd0, 0x8b, 0xdc, 0x31,
+    0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x73, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x65, 0x00, 0xfd, 0x84, 0x30, 0xbc, 0x86,
+    0x4c, 0xfc, 0xd5, 0xf1, 0x0e, 0x55, 0x90, 0xf8,
+    0xa4, 0x47, 0xe0, 0x1b, 0x94, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0x31,
+    0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x74, 0x77,
+    0x6f, 0x00, 0x78, 0x98, 0x19, 0x22, 0x61, 0x3b,
+    0x2a, 0xfb, 0x60, 0x25, 0x04, 0x2f, 0xf6, 0xbd,
+    0x87, 0x8a, 0xc1, 0x99, 0x4e, 0x85, 0x31, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x6f, 0x00, 0xe6, 0x9d, 0xe2, 0x9b, 0xb2, 0xd1,
+    0xd6, 0x43, 0x4b, 0x8b, 0x29, 0xae, 0x77, 0x5a,
+    0xd8, 0xc2, 0xe4, 0x8c, 0x53, 0x91,
+};
+
+static object_data tree = {
+    tree_bytes,
+    sizeof(tree_bytes),
+    "dff2da90b254e1beb889d1f1f1288be1803782df",
+    "tree",
+    "test-objects/df",
+    "test-objects/df/f2da90b254e1beb889d1f1f1288be1803782df",
+    tree_data,
+    sizeof(tree_data),
+};
+
+/* tag == 09d373e1dfdc16b129ceec6dd649739911541e05 */
+static unsigned char tag_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x01, 0x35, 0x4e, 0xcb, 0x0a, 0xc2, 0x40,
+    0x10, 0xf3, 0xbc, 0x5f, 0x31, 0x77, 0xa1, 0xec,
+    0xa3, 0xed, 0x6e, 0x41, 0x44, 0xf0, 0x2c, 0x5e,
+    0xfc, 0x81, 0xe9, 0x76, 0xb6, 0xad, 0xb4, 0xb4,
+    0x6c, 0x07, 0xd1, 0xbf, 0x77, 0x44, 0x0d, 0x39,
+    0x84, 0x10, 0x92, 0x30, 0xf6, 0x60, 0xbc, 0xdb,
+    0x2d, 0xed, 0x9d, 0x22, 0x83, 0xeb, 0x7c, 0x0a,
+    0x58, 0x63, 0xd2, 0xbe, 0x8e, 0x21, 0xba, 0x64,
+    0xb5, 0xf6, 0x06, 0x43, 0xe3, 0xaa, 0xd8, 0xb5,
+    0x14, 0xac, 0x0d, 0x55, 0x53, 0x76, 0x46, 0xf1,
+    0x6b, 0x25, 0x88, 0xcb, 0x3c, 0x8f, 0xac, 0x58,
+    0x3a, 0x1e, 0xba, 0xd0, 0x85, 0xd8, 0xd8, 0xf7,
+    0x94, 0xe1, 0x0c, 0x57, 0xb8, 0x8c, 0xcc, 0x22,
+    0x0f, 0xdf, 0x90, 0xc8, 0x13, 0x3d, 0x71, 0x5e,
+    0x27, 0x2a, 0xc4, 0x39, 0x82, 0xb1, 0xd6, 0x07,
+    0x53, 0xda, 0xc6, 0xc3, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0x94, 0xba,
+    0x0d, 0xe3, 0x06, 0x42, 0x1e, 0x08, 0x3e, 0x95,
+    0xbf, 0x4b, 0x69, 0xc9, 0x90, 0x69, 0x22, 0xdc,
+    0xe8, 0xbf, 0xf2, 0x06, 0x42, 0x9a, 0x36, 0xb1,
+};
+
+static unsigned char tag_data[] = {
+    0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x20, 0x33,
+    0x64, 0x37, 0x66, 0x38, 0x61, 0x36, 0x61, 0x66,
+    0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x63, 0x38, 0x63, 0x33, 0x66,
+    0x32, 0x30, 0x30, 0x37, 0x31, 0x61, 0x38, 0x39,
+    0x33, 0x35, 0x63, 0x64, 0x62, 0x65, 0x38, 0x32,
+    0x32, 0x38, 0x35, 0x39, 0x34, 0x64, 0x31, 0x0a,
+    0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d,
+    0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x0a, 0x74, 0x61, 0x67, 0x20,
+    0x76, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x0a, 0x74,
+    0x61, 0x67, 0x67, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x43, 0x20,
+    0x4f, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x20, 0x3c, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74,
+    0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d,
+    0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x3e,
+    0x20, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x37, 0x38, 0x31, 0x34,
+    0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x54, 0x68, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20,
+    0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x61, 0x67, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63,
+    0x74, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x72, 0x65,
+    0x6c, 0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x76, 0x30,
+    0x2e, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data tag = {
+    tag_bytes,
+    sizeof(tag_bytes),
+    "09d373e1dfdc16b129ceec6dd649739911541e05",
+    "tag",
+    "test-objects/09",
+    "test-objects/09/d373e1dfdc16b129ceec6dd649739911541e05",
+    tag_data,
+    sizeof(tag_data),
+};
+
+/* zero == e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 */
+static unsigned char zero_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x01, 0x4b, 0xca, 0xc9, 0x4f, 0x52, 0x30,
+    0x60, 0x00, 0x00, 0x09, 0xb0, 0x01, 0xf0,
+};
+
+static unsigned char zero_data[] = {
+    0x00  /* dummy data */
+};
+
+static object_data zero = {
+    zero_bytes,
+    sizeof(zero_bytes),
+    "e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/e6",
+    "test-objects/e6/9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391",
+    zero_data,
+    0,
+};
+
+/* one == 8b137891791fe96927ad78e64b0aad7bded08bdc */
+static unsigned char one_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x01, 0x4b, 0xca, 0xc9, 0x4f, 0x52, 0x30,
+    0x64, 0xe0, 0x02, 0x00, 0x0b, 0xad, 0x01, 0xfb,
+};
+
+static unsigned char one_data[] = {
+    0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data one = {
+    one_bytes,
+    sizeof(one_bytes),
+    "8b137891791fe96927ad78e64b0aad7bded08bdc",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/8b",
+    "test-objects/8b/137891791fe96927ad78e64b0aad7bded08bdc",
+    one_data,
+    sizeof(one_data),
+};
+
+/* two == 78981922613b2afb6025042ff6bd878ac1994e85 */
+static unsigned char two_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x01, 0x4b, 0xca, 0xc9, 0x4f, 0x52, 0x30,
+    0x62, 0x48, 0xe4, 0x02, 0x00, 0x0e, 0x64, 0x02,
+    0x5d,
+};
+
+static unsigned char two_data[] = {
+    0x61, 0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data two = {
+    two_bytes,
+    sizeof(two_bytes),
+    "78981922613b2afb6025042ff6bd878ac1994e85",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/78",
+    "test-objects/78/981922613b2afb6025042ff6bd878ac1994e85",
+    two_data,
+    sizeof(two_data),
+};
+
+/* some == fd8430bc864cfcd5f10e5590f8a447e01b942bfe */
+static unsigned char some_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x01, 0x7d, 0x54, 0xc1, 0x4e, 0xe3, 0x30,
+    0x10, 0xdd, 0x33, 0x5f, 0x31, 0xc7, 0x5d, 0x94,
+    0xa5, 0x84, 0xd5, 0x22, 0xad, 0x7a, 0x0a, 0x15,
+    0x85, 0x48, 0xd0, 0x56, 0x49, 0x2a, 0xd4, 0xa3,
+    0x13, 0x4f, 0x88, 0x85, 0x63, 0x47, 0xb6, 0x43,
+    0xc9, 0xdf, 0xef, 0x8c, 0x69, 0x17, 0x56, 0x0b,
+    0x7b, 0xaa, 0x62, 0x7b, 0xde, 0xbc, 0xf7, 0xe6,
+    0x4d, 0x6b, 0x6d, 0x6b, 0x48, 0xd3, 0xcb, 0x5f,
+    0x5f, 0x66, 0xa7, 0x27, 0x70, 0x0a, 0x55, 0xa7,
+    0x3c, 0xb4, 0x4a, 0x23, 0xf0, 0xaf, 0x43, 0x04,
+    0x6f, 0xdb, 0xb0, 0x17, 0x0e, 0xe7, 0x30, 0xd9,
+    0x11, 0x1a, 0x61, 0xc0, 0xa1, 0x54, 0x3e, 0x38,
+    0x55, 0x8f, 0x81, 0x9e, 0x05, 0x10, 0x46, 0xce,
+    0xac, 0x83, 0xde, 0x4a, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0x0c, 0x42,
+    0x67, 0xa3, 0x91, 0xe8, 0x20, 0x74, 0x08, 0x01,
+    0x5d, 0xef, 0xc1, 0xb6, 0xf1, 0xe3, 0x66, 0xb5,
+    0x85, 0x1b, 0x34, 0xe8, 0x84, 0x86, 0xcd, 0x58,
+    0x6b, 0xd5, 0xc0, 0x9d, 0x6a, 0xd0, 0x78, 0x4c,
+    0xe0, 0x19, 0x9d, 0x57, 0xd6, 0xc0, 0x45, 0xc2,
+    0x18, 0xc2, 0xc3, 0xc0, 0x0f, 0x7c, 0x87, 0x12,
+    0xea, 0x29, 0x56, 0x2f, 0x99, 0x4f, 0x79, 0xe0,
+    0x03, 0x4b, 0x4b, 0x4d, 0x44, 0xa0, 0x92, 0x33,
+    0x2a, 0xe0, 0x9a, 0xdc, 0x80, 0x90, 0x52, 0xf1,
+    0x11, 0x04, 0x1b, 0x4b, 0x06, 0xea, 0xae, 0x3c,
+    0xe3, 0x7a, 0x50, 0x74, 0x4a, 0x84, 0xfe, 0xc3,
+    0x81, 0x41, 0xf8, 0x89, 0x18, 0x43, 0x67, 0x9d,
+    0x87, 0x47, 0xf5, 0x8c, 0x51, 0xf6, 0x68, 0xb4,
+    0xea, 0x55, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x6f, 0x80, 0xdc, 0x42,
+    0x2b, 0xf3, 0x14, 0x2b, 0x1a, 0xdb, 0x0f, 0xe4,
+    0x9a, 0x64, 0x84, 0xa3, 0x90, 0xa8, 0xf9, 0x8f,
+    0x9d, 0x86, 0x9e, 0xd3, 0xab, 0x5a, 0x99, 0xc8,
+    0xd9, 0xc3, 0x5e, 0x85, 0x0e, 0x2c, 0xb5, 0x73,
+    0x30, 0x38, 0xfb, 0xe8, 0x44, 0xef, 0x5f, 0x95,
+    0x1b, 0xc9, 0xd0, 0xef, 0x3c, 0x26, 0x32, 0x1e,
+    0xff, 0x2d, 0xb6, 0x23, 0x7b, 0x3f, 0xd1, 0x3c,
+    0x78, 0x1a, 0x0d, 0xcb, 0xe6, 0xf6, 0xd4, 0x44,
+    0x99, 0x47, 0x1a, 0x9e, 0xed, 0x23, 0xb5, 0x91,
+    0x6a, 0xdf, 0x53, 0x39, 0x03, 0xf8, 0x5a, 0xb1,
+    0x0f, 0x1f, 0xce, 0x81, 0x11, 0xde, 0x01, 0x7a,
+    0x90, 0x16, 0xc4, 0x30, 0xe8, 0x89, 0xed, 0x7b,
+    0x65, 0x4b, 0xd7, 0x03, 0x36, 0xc1, 0xcf, 0xa1,
+    0xa5, 0xb1, 0xe3, 0x8b, 0xe8, 0x07, 0x4d, 0xf3,
+    0x23, 0x25, 0x13, 0x35, 0x27, 0xf5, 0x8c, 0x11,
+    0xd3, 0xa0, 0x9a, 0xa8, 0xf5, 0x38, 0x7d, 0xce,
+    0x55, 0xc2, 0x71, 0x79, 0x13, 0xc7, 0xa3, 0xda,
+    0x77, 0x68, 0xc0, 0xd8, 0x10, 0xdd, 0x24, 0x8b,
+    0x15, 0x59, 0xc5, 0x10, 0xe2, 0x20, 0x99, 0x8e,
+    0xf0, 0x05, 0x9b, 0x31, 0x88, 0x5a, 0xe3, 0xd9,
+    0x37, 0xba, 0xe2, 0xdb, 0xbf, 0x92, 0xfa, 0x66,
+    0x16, 0x97, 0x47, 0xd9, 0x9d, 0x1d, 0x28, 0x7c,
+    0x9d, 0x08, 0x1c, 0xc7, 0xbd, 0xd2, 0x1a, 0x6a,
+    0x04, 0xf2, 0xa2, 0x1d, 0x75, 0x02, 0x14, 0x5d,
+    0xc6, 0x78, 0xc8, 0xab, 0xdb, 0xf5, 0xb6, 0x82,
+    0x6c, 0xb5, 0x83, 0x87, 0xac, 0x28, 0xb2, 0x55,
+    0xb5, 0x9b, 0xc7, 0xc1, 0xb0, 0xb7, 0xf8, 0x4c,
+    0xbc, 0x38, 0x0e, 0x8a, 0x04, 0x2a, 0x62, 0x41,
+    0x6b, 0xe0, 0x84, 0x09, 0x13, 0xe9, 0xe1, 0xea,
+    0xfb, 0xeb, 0x62, 0x71, 0x4b, 0x25, 0xd9, 0x55,
+    0x7e, 0x97, 0x57, 0x3b, 0x20, 0x33, 0x96, 0x79,
+    0xb5, 0xba, 0x2e, 0x4b, 0x58, 0xae, 0x0b, 0xc8,
+    0x60, 0x93, 0x15, 0x55, 0xbe, 0xd8, 0xde, 0x65,
+    0x05, 0x6c, 0xb6, 0xc5, 0x66, 0x5d, 0x5e, 0x93,
+    0xf7, 0x25, 0x65, 0x98, 0x41, 0x29, 0x86, 0x0c,
+    0xf2, 0xf1, 0x14, 0xa2, 0xb3, 0xbd, 0x75, 0x08,
+    0x12, 0x83, 0x50, 0xda, 0x1f, 0x23, 0xbe, 0xa3,
+    0x1d, 0xf4, 0x9d, 0x1d, 0xb5, 0x84, 0x4e, 0x50,
+    0x38, 0x1d, 0x36, 0x48, 0x21, 0x95, 0xd1, 0xac,
+    0x81, 0x99, 0x1d, 0xc1, 0x3f, 0x41, 0xe6, 0x9e,
+    0x42, 0x5b, 0x0a, 0x48, 0xcc, 0x5f, 0xe0, 0x7d,
+    0x3f, 0xc4, 0x6f, 0x0e, 0xfe, 0xc0, 0x2d, 0xfe,
+    0x01, 0x2c, 0xd6, 0x9b, 0x5d, 0xbe, 0xba, 0x21,
+    0xca, 0x79, 0xcb, 0xe3, 0x49, 0x60, 0xef, 0x68,
+    0x05, 0x28, 0x9b, 0x8c, 0xc1, 0x12, 0x3e, 0xdb,
+    0xc7, 0x04, 0x7e, 0xa6, 0x74, 0x29, 0xcc, 0x13,
+    0xed, 0x07, 0x94, 0x81, 0xd6, 0x96, 0xaa, 0x97,
+    0xaa, 0xa5, 0xc0, 0x2f, 0xb5, 0xb5, 0x2e, 0xe6,
+    0xfc, 0xca, 0xfa, 0x60, 0x4d, 0x02, 0xf7, 0x19,
+    0x9c, 0x5f, 0xa4, 0xe9, 0xf9, 0xf7, 0xf4, 0xc7,
+    0x79, 0x9a, 0xc0, 0xb6, 0xcc, 0x58, 0xec, 0xec,
+    0xe4, 0x37, 0x22, 0xfa, 0x8b, 0x53,
+};
+
+static unsigned char some_data[] = {
+    0x2f, 0x2a, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x20, 0x54, 0x68,
+    0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x66, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x73, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x74, 0x77, 0x61, 0x72, 0x65,
+    0x3b, 0x20, 0x79, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x20, 0x63, 0x61,
+    0x6e, 0x20, 0x72, 0x65, 0x64, 0x69, 0x73, 0x74,
+    0x72, 0x69, 0x62, 0x75, 0x74, 0x65, 0x20, 0x69,
+    0x74, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x6f, 0x72,
+    0x20, 0x6d, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x69, 0x66, 0x79, 0x0a,
+    0x20, 0x2a, 0x20, 0x69, 0x74, 0x20, 0x75, 0x6e,
+    0x64, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x6d, 0x73, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x66,
+    0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x47, 0x4e, 0x55,
+    0x20, 0x47, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6c,
+    0x20, 0x50, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x20,
+    0x4c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x2c,
+    0x20, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e,
+    0x20, 0x32, 0x2c, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x20, 0x61,
+    0x73, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0x62, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x73,
+    0x68, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x62, 0x79, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x46, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x53, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x74, 0x77, 0x61, 0x72, 0x65,
+    0x20, 0x46, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x61, 0x74,
+    0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2e, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x0a,
+    0x20, 0x2a, 0x20, 0x49, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x61, 0x64,
+    0x64, 0x69, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x6f, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x70, 0x65,
+    0x72, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x73, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e,
+    0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65,
+    0x20, 0x47, 0x4e, 0x55, 0x20, 0x47, 0x65, 0x6e,
+    0x65, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x20, 0x50, 0x75, 0x62,
+    0x6c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x20, 0x4c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65,
+    0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x20,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x61, 0x75, 0x74, 0x68,
+    0x6f, 0x72, 0x73, 0x20, 0x67, 0x69, 0x76, 0x65,
+    0x20, 0x79, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x20, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x6c,
+    0x69, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x70,
+    0x65, 0x72, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x73, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f,
+    0x6e, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e,
+    0x6b, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x70, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x64, 0x0a, 0x20,
+    0x2a, 0x20, 0x76, 0x65, 0x72, 0x73, 0x69, 0x6f,
+    0x6e, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x69,
+    0x73, 0x20, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x20, 0x69,
+    0x6e, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x62,
+    0x69, 0x6e, 0x61, 0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x73,
+    0x20, 0x77, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x74,
+    0x68, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x67,
+    0x72, 0x61, 0x6d, 0x73, 0x2c, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a,
+    0x20, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x20, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x20,
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+    0x4c, 0x69, 0x63, 0x65, 0x6e, 0x73, 0x65, 0x0a,
+    0x20, 0x2a, 0x20, 0x61, 0x6c, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x67,
+    0x20, 0x77, 0x69, 0x74, 0x68, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68,
+    0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x70, 0x72, 0x6f, 0x67, 0x72,
+    0x61, 0x6d, 0x3b, 0x20, 0x73, 0x65, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65,
+    0x20, 0x43, 0x4f, 0x50, 0x59, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x47,
+    0x2e, 0x20, 0x20, 0x49, 0x66, 0x20, 0x6e, 0x6f,
+    0x74, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x77, 0x72, 0x69, 0x74, 0x65,
+    0x20, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x46, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x53, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x74, 0x77, 0x61, 0x72, 0x65,
+    0x20, 0x46, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x6e, 0x64, 0x61, 0x74,
+    0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x35, 0x31, 0x20,
+    0x46, 0x72, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x6b, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e,
+    0x20, 0x53, 0x74, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x74, 0x2c,
+    0x20, 0x46, 0x69, 0x66, 0x74, 0x68, 0x20, 0x46,
+    0x6c, 0x6f, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x2c, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a,
+    0x20, 0x42, 0x6f, 0x73, 0x74, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x2c,
+    0x20, 0x4d, 0x41, 0x20, 0x30, 0x32, 0x31, 0x31,
+    0x30, 0x2d, 0x31, 0x33, 0x30, 0x31, 0x2c, 0x20,
+    0x55, 0x53, 0x41, 0x2e, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x2f,
+    0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data some = {
+    some_bytes,
+    sizeof(some_bytes),
+    "fd8430bc864cfcd5f10e5590f8a447e01b942bfe",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/fd",
+    "test-objects/fd/8430bc864cfcd5f10e5590f8a447e01b942bfe",
+    some_data,
+    sizeof(some_data),
+};
+
+static int write_object_data(char *file, void *data, size_t len)
+{
+    git_file fd;
+    int ret;
+
+    if ((fd = gitfo_creat(file, 0664)) < 0)
+        return -1;
+    ret = gitfo_write(fd, data, len);
+    gitfo_close(fd);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int write_object_files(object_data *d)
+{
+    if (mkdir(odb_dir, 0755) < 0) {
+        if (errno == EEXIST) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "odb directory \"%s\" already exists!\n", odb_dir);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't make odb directory \"%s\"\n", odb_dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if ((mkdir(d->dir, 0755) < 0) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't make object directory \"%s\"\n", d->dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (write_object_data(d->file, d->bytes, d->blen) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't write object file \"%s\"\n", d->file);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int remove_object_files(object_data *d)
+{
+    if (unlink(d->file) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't delete object file \"%s\"\n", d->file);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if ((rmdir(d->dir) < 0) && (errno != ENOTEMPTY)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't remove object directory \"%s\"\n", d->dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (rmdir(odb_dir) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't remove odb directory \"%s\"\n", odb_dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmp_objects(git_obj *o, object_data *d)
+{
+    if (o->type != git_obj_string_to_type(d->type))
+        return -1;
+    if (o->len != d->dlen)
+        return -1;
+    if ((o->len > 0) && (memcmp(o->data, d->data, o->len) != 0))
+        return -1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_commit)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&commit));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, commit.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &commit));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&commit));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_tree)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&tree));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, tree.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &tree));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&tree));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_tag)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&tag));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, tag.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &tag));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&tag));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_zero)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&zero));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, zero.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &zero));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&zero));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_one)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&one));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, one.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &one));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&one));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_two)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&two));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, two.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &two));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&two));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_some)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&some));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, some.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &some));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&some));
+END_TEST
+

tests/t0000-read2.c

+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#include "test_lib.h"
+#include <git/odb.h>
+#include "fileops.h"
+
+static char *odb_dir = "test-objects";
+
+typedef struct object_data {
+    unsigned char *bytes;  /* (compressed) bytes stored in object store */
+    size_t        blen;    /* length of data in object store            */
+    char          *id;     /* object id (sha1)                          */
+    char          *type;   /* object type                               */
+    char          *dir;    /* object store (fan-out) directory name     */
+    char          *file;   /* object store filename                     */
+    unsigned char *data;   /* (uncompressed) object data                */
+    size_t        dlen;    /* length of (uncompressed) object data      */
+} object_data;
+
+/* commit == 3d7f8a6af076c8c3f20071a8935cdbe8228594d1 */
+static unsigned char commit_bytes[] = {
+    0x92, 0x16, 0x78, 0x9c, 0x85, 0x90, 0x3d, 0x6e,
+    0xc3, 0x30, 0x0c, 0x85, 0x77, 0x9d, 0x82, 0x7b,
+    0xeb, 0xc0, 0x52, 0x53, 0x58, 0x2e, 0x82, 0xa2,
+    0x41, 0xe7, 0x20, 0x43, 0xd3, 0x03, 0x48, 0x11,
+    0x65, 0x0b, 0xb0, 0x28, 0x43, 0x3f, 0x40, 0x7c,
+    0xfb, 0x28, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x6a, 0xc9, 0xe5,
+    0xf1, 0x91, 0xdf, 0x1b, 0x98, 0x23, 0x22, 0x18,
+    0x6b, 0x85, 0x51, 0x7d, 0xab, 0xc5, 0xeb, 0x1e,
+    0xb9, 0x46, 0x2d, 0x65, 0x6f, 0xb8, 0xad, 0x2d,
+    0xa4, 0xd4, 0xc8, 0x65, 0xfb, 0xd2, 0x49, 0x61,
+    0x2c, 0x53, 0x25, 0x8f, 0x21, 0xc2, 0x11, 0xbe,
+    0xe1, 0xf2, 0x10, 0x87, 0xd5, 0xf8, 0xc0, 0x9b,
+    0xf2, 0xf3, 0x84, 0xbb, 0x6b, 0xf0, 0xef, 0xc0,
+    0x85, 0xe8, 0x24, 0xdf, 0x8b, 0xbe, 0x83, 0xa7,
+    0xb6, 0x16, 0xab, 0xae, 0x77, 0x39, 0x63, 0x84,
+    0x4f, 0x38, 0xc3, 0x69, 0x95, 0x87, 0xcd, 0xfd,
+    0x87, 0x66, 0x47, 0x08, 0x84, 0xcd, 0xe4, 0x08,
+    0x61, 0x65, 0x20, 0x15, 0xef, 0x55, 0x5c, 0x18,
+    0xbb, 0x8c, 0x08, 0x3a, 0x98, 0x05, 0x82, 0x85,
+    0x3c, 0x6e, 0x7b, 0x8f, 0x29, 0xa9, 0x01, 0x9f,
+    0xeb, 0x4c, 0x59, 0x39, 0x72, 0x34, 0x80, 0x2d,
+    0xb1, 0x5e, 0x44, 0xc0, 0xdb, 0x3c, 0x29, 0x52,
+    0xd9, 0x05, 0x62, 0x3f, 0xd4, 0x5c, 0xe2, 0x1c,
+    0x12, 0x6e, 0x21, 0xa3, 0xa2, 0x01, 0x13, 0x38,
+    0xca, 0x31, 0x98, 0x72, 0x45, 0x03, 0x7a, 0xf9,
+    0x15, 0xbf, 0x63, 0xec, 0xcb, 0x0d, 0x84, 0xa6,
+    0x09, 0xb6, 0xd1, 0xcb, 0xdb, 0xdf, 0xef, 0x60,
+    0x77, 0x51, 0x90, 0x74, 0xf0,
+};
+
+static unsigned char commit_data[] = {
+    0x74, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x20, 0x64, 0x66, 0x66,
+    0x32, 0x64, 0x61, 0x39, 0x30, 0x62, 0x32, 0x35,
+    0x34, 0x65, 0x31, 0x62, 0x65, 0x62, 0x38, 0x38,
+    0x39, 0x64, 0x31, 0x66, 0x31, 0x66, 0x31, 0x32,
+    0x38, 0x38, 0x62, 0x65, 0x31, 0x38, 0x30, 0x33,
+    0x37, 0x38, 0x32, 0x64, 0x66, 0x0a, 0x61, 0x75,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x41, 0x20, 0x55,
+    0x20, 0x54, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x3c, 0x61,
+    0x75, 0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78,
+    0x61, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x3e, 0x20, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x37, 0x38,
+    0x31, 0x34, 0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x30, 0x30, 0x0a, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d,
+    0x69, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x43, 0x20,
+    0x4f, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x20, 0x3c, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74,
+    0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d,
+    0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x3e,
+    0x20, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x37, 0x38, 0x31, 0x34,
+    0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x41, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x65,
+    0x2d, 0x6c, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x20, 0x73, 0x75, 0x6d,
+    0x6d, 0x61, 0x72, 0x79, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x54, 0x68,
+    0x65, 0x20, 0x62, 0x6f, 0x64, 0x79, 0x20, 0x6f,
+    0x66, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x20, 0x6d, 0x65, 0x73,
+    0x73, 0x61, 0x67, 0x65, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f,
+    0x6e, 0x74, 0x61, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x67,
+    0x20, 0x66, 0x75, 0x72, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x20, 0x65, 0x78, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x61,
+    0x74, 0x69, 0x6f, 0x6e, 0x0a, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x70, 0x75, 0x72, 0x70,
+    0x6f, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x68, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x67,
+    0x65, 0x73, 0x20, 0x69, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x72, 0x6f,
+    0x64, 0x75, 0x63, 0x65, 0x64, 0x20, 0x62, 0x79,
+    0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d,
+    0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x53, 0x69,
+    0x67, 0x6e, 0x65, 0x64, 0x2d, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x2d,
+    0x62, 0x79, 0x3a, 0x20, 0x41, 0x20, 0x55, 0x20,
+    0x54, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x3c, 0x61, 0x75,
+    0x74, 0x68, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61,
+    0x6d, 0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d,
+    0x3e, 0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data commit = {
+    commit_bytes,
+    sizeof(commit_bytes),
+    "3d7f8a6af076c8c3f20071a8935cdbe8228594d1",
+    "commit",
+    "test-objects/3d",
+    "test-objects/3d/7f8a6af076c8c3f20071a8935cdbe8228594d1",
+    commit_data,
+    sizeof(commit_data),
+};
+
+/* tree == dff2da90b254e1beb889d1f1f1288be1803782df */
+static unsigned char tree_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x9c, 0x2b, 0x29, 0x4a, 0x4d, 0x55, 0x30,
+    0x34, 0x32, 0x63, 0x30, 0x34, 0x30, 0x30, 0x33,
+    0x31, 0x51, 0xc8, 0xcf, 0x4b, 0x65, 0xe8, 0x16,
+    0xae, 0x98, 0x58, 0x29, 0xff, 0x32, 0x53, 0x7d,
+    0x6d, 0xc5, 0x33, 0x6f, 0xae, 0xb5, 0xd5, 0xf7,
+    0x2e, 0x74, 0xdf, 0x81, 0x4a, 0x17, 0xe7, 0xe7,
+    0xa6, 0x32, 0xfc, 0x6d, 0x31, 0xd8, 0xd3, 0xe6,
+    0xf3, 0xe7, 0xea, 0x47, 0xbe, 0xd0, 0x09, 0x3f,
+    0x96, 0xb8, 0x3f, 0x90, 0x9e, 0xa2, 0xfd, 0x0f,
+    0x2a, 0x5f, 0x52, 0x9e, 0xcf, 0x50, 0x31, 0x43,
+    0x52, 0x29, 0xd1, 0x5a, 0xeb, 0x77, 0x82, 0x2a,
+    0x8b, 0xfe, 0xb7, 0xbd, 0xed, 0x5d, 0x07, 0x67,
+    0xfa, 0xb5, 0x42, 0xa5, 0xab, 0x52, 0x8b, 0xf2,
+    0x19, 0x9e, 0xcd, 0x7d, 0x34, 0x7b, 0xd3, 0xc5,
+    0x6b, 0xce, 0xde, 0xdd, 0x9a, 0xeb, 0xca, 0xa3,
+    0x6e, 0x1c, 0x7a, 0xd2, 0x13, 0x3c, 0x11, 0x00,
+    0xe2, 0xaa, 0x38, 0x57,
+};
+
+static unsigned char tree_data[] = {
+    0x31, 0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x6f,
+    0x6e, 0x65, 0x00, 0x8b, 0x13, 0x78, 0x91, 0x79,
+    0x1f, 0xe9, 0x69, 0x27, 0xad, 0x78, 0xe6, 0x4b,
+    0x0a, 0xad, 0x7b, 0xde, 0xd0, 0x8b, 0xdc, 0x31,
+    0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x73, 0x6f,
+    0x6d, 0x65, 0x00, 0xfd, 0x84, 0x30, 0xbc, 0x86,
+    0x4c, 0xfc, 0xd5, 0xf1, 0x0e, 0x55, 0x90, 0xf8,
+    0xa4, 0x47, 0xe0, 0x1b, 0x94, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0x31,
+    0x30, 0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x74, 0x77,
+    0x6f, 0x00, 0x78, 0x98, 0x19, 0x22, 0x61, 0x3b,
+    0x2a, 0xfb, 0x60, 0x25, 0x04, 0x2f, 0xf6, 0xbd,
+    0x87, 0x8a, 0xc1, 0x99, 0x4e, 0x85, 0x31, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x36, 0x34, 0x34, 0x20, 0x7a, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x6f, 0x00, 0xe6, 0x9d, 0xe2, 0x9b, 0xb2, 0xd1,
+    0xd6, 0x43, 0x4b, 0x8b, 0x29, 0xae, 0x77, 0x5a,
+    0xd8, 0xc2, 0xe4, 0x8c, 0x53, 0x91,
+};
+
+static object_data tree = {
+    tree_bytes,
+    sizeof(tree_bytes),
+    "dff2da90b254e1beb889d1f1f1288be1803782df",
+    "tree",
+    "test-objects/df",
+    "test-objects/df/f2da90b254e1beb889d1f1f1288be1803782df",
+    tree_data,
+    sizeof(tree_data),
+};
+
+/* tag == 09d373e1dfdc16b129ceec6dd649739911541e05 */
+static unsigned char tag_bytes[] = {
+    0x78, 0x9c, 0x35, 0x8e, 0xcb, 0x0a, 0xc2, 0x30,
+    0x10, 0x45, 0x5d, 0xe7, 0x2b, 0x66, 0x2f, 0x84,
+    0x3c, 0xda, 0x66, 0x0a, 0x22, 0x82, 0x6b, 0x71,
+    0xe3, 0x0f, 0xa4, 0xe9, 0xa4, 0x0f, 0x5a, 0x52,
+    0xda, 0x41, 0xf4, 0xef, 0x4d, 0x51, 0x87, 0x59,
+    0x1c, 0x2e, 0x97, 0x33, 0xc3, 0xbe, 0x03, 0xed,
+    0xec, 0x21, 0x35, 0x23, 0x05, 0x06, 0xdb, 0xba,
+    0x88, 0xbe, 0xf2, 0x51, 0xb9, 0x2a, 0x60, 0xb0,
+    0xd1, 0x28, 0xe5, 0xb4, 0xc7, 0xda, 0x96, 0xa1,
+    0x6d, 0x08, 0x8d, 0xc1, 0xb2, 0x2e, 0x5a, 0x2d,
+    0xf8, 0xbd, 0x10, 0x84, 0x34, 0xcf, 0x03, 0x0b,
+    0xce, 0x8e, 0xa7, 0x92, 0x4a, 0xea, 0x1d, 0x3b,
+    0x5a, 0xe1, 0x0a, 0x77, 0xb8, 0x0d, 0xcc, 0x19,
+    0x4f, 0xdf, 0x52, 0xc6, 0x0b, 0xbd, 0xfc, 0xbc,
+    0x4c, 0x24, 0x73, 0x72, 0x06, 0x6d, 0x8c, 0x43,
+    0x5d, 0x98, 0xda, 0xc1, 0x51, 0xe5, 0x11, 0xe2,
+    0xd1, 0x0f, 0x1b, 0xe4, 0xe5, 0x9e, 0x60, 0x57,
+    0xfe, 0x5e, 0x8a, 0x69, 0x85, 0x95, 0x26, 0xf2,
+    0x1b, 0xfd, 0xaf, 0x7c, 0x00, 0x42, 0x9a, 0x36,
+    0xb1,
+};
+
+static unsigned char tag_data[] = {
+    0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63, 0x74, 0x20, 0x33,
+    0x64, 0x37, 0x66, 0x38, 0x61, 0x36, 0x61, 0x66,
+    0x30, 0x37, 0x36, 0x63, 0x38, 0x63, 0x33, 0x66,
+    0x32, 0x30, 0x30, 0x37, 0x31, 0x61, 0x38, 0x39,
+    0x33, 0x35, 0x63, 0x64, 0x62, 0x65, 0x38, 0x32,
+    0x32, 0x38, 0x35, 0x39, 0x34, 0x64, 0x31, 0x0a,
+    0x74, 0x79, 0x70, 0x65, 0x20, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d,
+    0x6d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x0a, 0x74, 0x61, 0x67, 0x20,
+    0x76, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x0a, 0x74,
+    0x61, 0x67, 0x67, 0x65, 0x72, 0x20, 0x43, 0x20,
+    0x4f, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x69, 0x74, 0x74, 0x65, 0x72,
+    0x20, 0x3c, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x6d, 0x69, 0x74,
+    0x74, 0x65, 0x72, 0x40, 0x65, 0x78, 0x61, 0x6d,
+    0x70, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6d, 0x3e,
+    0x20, 0x31, 0x32, 0x32, 0x37, 0x38, 0x31, 0x34,
+    0x32, 0x39, 0x37, 0x20, 0x2b, 0x30, 0x30, 0x30,
+    0x30, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x54, 0x68, 0x69, 0x73, 0x20,
+    0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x74, 0x68, 0x65, 0x20, 0x74,
+    0x61, 0x67, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x62, 0x6a, 0x65, 0x63,
+    0x74, 0x20, 0x66, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x20, 0x72, 0x65,
+    0x6c, 0x65, 0x61, 0x73, 0x65, 0x20, 0x76, 0x30,
+    0x2e, 0x30, 0x2e, 0x31, 0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data tag = {
+    tag_bytes,
+    sizeof(tag_bytes),
+    "09d373e1dfdc16b129ceec6dd649739911541e05",
+    "tag",
+    "test-objects/09",
+    "test-objects/09/d373e1dfdc16b129ceec6dd649739911541e05",
+    tag_data,
+    sizeof(tag_data),
+};
+
+/* zero == e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391 */
+static unsigned char zero_bytes[] = {
+    0x30, 0x78, 0x9c, 0x03, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0x01,
+};
+
+static unsigned char zero_data[] = {
+    0x00  /* dummy data */
+};
+
+static object_data zero = {
+    zero_bytes,
+    sizeof(zero_bytes),
+    "e69de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/e6",
+    "test-objects/e6/9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391",
+    zero_data,
+    0,
+};
+
+/* one == 8b137891791fe96927ad78e64b0aad7bded08bdc */
+static unsigned char one_bytes[] = {
+    0x31, 0x78, 0x9c, 0xe3, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0b,
+    0x00, 0x0b,
+};
+
+static unsigned char one_data[] = {
+    0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data one = {
+    one_bytes,
+    sizeof(one_bytes),
+    "8b137891791fe96927ad78e64b0aad7bded08bdc",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/8b",
+    "test-objects/8b/137891791fe96927ad78e64b0aad7bded08bdc",
+    one_data,
+    sizeof(one_data),
+};
+
+/* two == 78981922613b2afb6025042ff6bd878ac1994e85 */
+static unsigned char two_bytes[] = {
+    0x32, 0x78, 0x9c, 0x4b, 0xe4, 0x02, 0x00, 0x00,
+    0xce, 0x00, 0x6c,
+};
+
+static unsigned char two_data[] = {
+    0x61, 0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data two = {
+    two_bytes,
+    sizeof(two_bytes),
+    "78981922613b2afb6025042ff6bd878ac1994e85",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/78",
+    "test-objects/78/981922613b2afb6025042ff6bd878ac1994e85",
+    two_data,
+    sizeof(two_data),
+};
+
+/* some == fd8430bc864cfcd5f10e5590f8a447e01b942bfe */
+static unsigned char some_bytes[] = {
+    0xb1, 0x49, 0x78, 0x9c, 0x85, 0x53, 0xc1, 0x4e,
+    0xe3, 0x30, 0x10, 0xbd, 0xef, 0x57, 0xcc, 0x71,
+    0x17, 0x65, 0x81, 0xb2, 0xda, 0x53, 0x4f, 0x01,
+    0x51, 0x88, 0x04, 0x6d, 0x95, 0xa4, 0x42, 0x3d,
+    0xba, 0xf1, 0x84, 0x8c, 0x70, 0xec, 0xc8, 0x76,
+    0x28, 0xf9, 0xfb, 0x9d, 0x31, 0x2d, 0xb0, 0x5a,
+    0x56, 0x9c, 0xa2, 0xd8, 0xf3, 0xde, 0xbc, 0x79,
+    0xf3, 0x7c, 0x76, 0xf2, 0x0d, 0x4e, 0xa0, 0xee,
+    0x28, 0x40, 0x4b, 0x06, 0x41, 0xbe, 0x1e, 0x11,
+    0x82, 0x6b, 0xe3, 0x5e, 0x79, 0x9c, 0xc3, 0xe4,
+    0x46, 0x68, 0x94, 0x05, 0x8f, 0x9a, 0x42, 0xf4,
+    0xb4, 0x1b, 0x23, 0x97, 0x45, 0x50, 0x56, 0x9f,
+    0x39, 0x0f, 0xbd, 0xd3, 0xd4, 0x4e, 0x42, 0xc2,
+    0x67, 0xa3, 0xd5, 0xe8, 0x21, 0x76, 0x08, 0x11,
+    0x7d, 0x1f, 0xc0, 0xb5, 0xe9, 0xe7, 0x66, 0xb9,
+    0x81, 0x1b, 0xb4, 0xe8, 0x95, 0x81, 0xf5, 0xb8,
+    0x33, 0xd4, 0xc0, 0x1d, 0x35, 0x68, 0x03, 0x66,
+    0xf0, 0x8c, 0x3e, 0x90, 0xb3, 0x70, 0x91, 0x09,
+    0x87, 0x0a, 0x30, 0x48, 0x41, 0xe8, 0x50, 0xc3,
+    0x6e, 0x4a, 0xe8, 0x85, 0xe8, 0xa9, 0x0e, 0x7a,
+    0x60, 0xe1, 0xb8, 0x89, 0x8a, 0x0c, 0x39, 0x65,
+    0x80, 0x60, 0x0a, 0x0b, 0x4a, 0x6b, 0x92, 0x23,
+    0x88, 0x2e, 0x41, 0x06, 0xee, 0x4e, 0x41, 0x78,
+    0x03, 0x90, 0xfd, 0x4a, 0x83, 0x90, 0x48, 0x89,
+    0x1a, 0x63, 0xe7, 0x7c, 0x80, 0x47, 0x7a, 0xc6,
+    0x34, 0xf6, 0x68, 0x0d, 0xf5, 0x14, 0x59, 0xca,
+    0x3b, 0xa1, 0xb4, 0x30, 0x64, 0x9f, 0x12, 0xa2,
+    0x71, 0xfd, 0xc0, 0xae, 0x69, 0x61, 0x38, 0x0e,
+    0x92, 0x66, 0x7e, 0xb3, 0xd3, 0x72, 0x39, 0x57,
+    0xed, 0xc8, 0x26, 0xcd, 0x01, 0xf6, 0x14, 0x3b,
+    0x70, 0x0c, 0xf6, 0x30, 0x78, 0xf7, 0xe8, 0x55,
+    0x1f, 0x5e, 0x27, 0xb7, 0x5a, 0xa8, 0x3f, 0x78,
+    0xcc, 0x62, 0x02, 0xfe, 0x0b, 0x76, 0xa3, 0x78,
+    0x3f, 0xf1, 0x3e, 0xa4, 0xb2, 0x91, 0x0b, 0xc1,
+    0x73, 0x1d, 0xd9, 0x47, 0x5e, 0x9e, 0xeb, 0x93,
+    0xb4, 0x91, 0xb1, 0x1f, 0xa5, 0x9c, 0x02, 0x7c,
+    0xaf, 0xc5, 0x87, 0x4f, 0x3d, 0x10, 0x86, 0x0f,
+    0x84, 0x01, 0xb4, 0x03, 0x35, 0x0c, 0x66, 0x12,
+    0xfb, 0x5e, 0xd5, 0xf2, 0xf5, 0x80, 0x4d, 0x0c,
+    0x73, 0x68, 0x79, 0xed, 0xf8, 0xa2, 0xfa, 0xc1,
+    0xf0, 0xfe, 0xf8, 0x6e, 0xe2, 0xe6, 0x3c, 0xbd,
+    0x70, 0xa4, 0x34, 0x50, 0x93, 0xe4, 0x1e, 0xb7,
+    0x2f, 0xdd, 0xb3, 0x34, 0xdf, 0xdb, 0x70, 0x72,
+    0xbb, 0xef, 0xd0, 0x82, 0x75, 0x31, 0xb9, 0xc9,
+    0x16, 0x8b, 0x55, 0xc9, 0x88, 0xc3, 0xc8, 0x7c,
+    0x84, 0x2f, 0xd8, 0x8c, 0x51, 0xed, 0x58, 0xfd,
+    0x8f, 0xc3, 0xb2, 0xff, 0x4a, 0xea, 0xbb, 0x59,
+    0xfa, 0xb8, 0xe6, 0xce, 0x0d, 0xe2, 0x9c, 0x8a,
+    0x12, 0xc7, 0x3d, 0x19, 0x03, 0xbb, 0xe4, 0x45,
+    0x3b, 0x9a, 0x0c, 0xb8, 0x52, 0x38, 0x1e, 0x8a,
+    0xfa, 0x76, 0xb5, 0xa9, 0x21, 0x5f, 0x6e, 0xe1,
+    0x21, 0x2f, 0xcb, 0x7c, 0x59, 0x6f, 0xe7, 0x6f,
+    0xde, 0xe2, 0x33, 0xbe, 0x52, 0x11, 0x0f, 0x48,
+    0xcc, 0xcc, 0xb1, 0xf3, 0xca, 0xc6, 0x89, 0xe7,
+    0x11, 0xf4, 0xfd, 0x75, 0x79, 0x75, 0xcb, 0x90,
+    0xfc, 0xb2, 0xb8, 0x2b, 0xea, 0x2d, 0xb0, 0x19,
+    0x8b, 0xa2, 0x5e, 0x5e, 0x57, 0x15, 0x2c, 0x56,
+    0x25, 0xe4, 0xb0, 0xce, 0xcb, 0xba, 0xb8, 0xda,
+    0xdc, 0xe5, 0x25, 0xac, 0x37, 0xe5, 0x7a, 0x55,
+    0x5d, 0xb3, 0xf7, 0x15, 0xe2, 0x31, 0x86, 0x42,
+    0xf2, 0xf9, 0x16, 0x92, 0xb3, 0xbd, 0xe3, 0x94,
+    0x6b, 0x8c, 0x8a, 0x4c, 0x38, 0x46, 0x7c, 0xcb,
+    0x61, 0x0c, 0xac, 0xce, 0x68, 0xe8, 0x14, 0x87,
+    0xd3, 0x63, 0x83, 0x1c, 0x52, 0x9d, 0xcc, 0x1a,
+    0xa6, 0xaf, 0xdf, 0x59, 0x32, 0xd6, 0x38, 0x0e,
+    0x48, 0xca, 0x5f, 0x4a, 0xc5, 0x21, 0x7e, 0x73,
+    0x08, 0x07, 0x6d, 0xc9, 0xd6, 0xab, 0xd5, 0x7a,
+    0x5b, 0x2c, 0x6f, 0x58, 0x72, 0xd1, 0xca, 0x7a,
+    0x32, 0xd8, 0x7b, 0x92, 0x34, 0xba, 0xe3, 0x33,
+    0xf9, 0xdf, 0x7b, 0xcc, 0xe0, 0xf7, 0x8c, 0x2f,
+    0x95, 0x7d, 0xe2, 0x8d, 0x42, 0x15, 0xb9, 0x8c,
+    0xd1, 0x0b, 0x6a, 0xb9, 0xe1, 0xc2, 0x38, 0xe7,
+    0x53, 0xce, 0x2f, 0x5d, 0x88, 0x52, 0x7b, 0x9f,
+    0xc3, 0xf9, 0xc5, 0x6c, 0x76, 0xfe, 0x73, 0xf6,
+    0xeb, 0x7c, 0x96, 0xc1, 0xa6, 0xca, 0x65, 0xd8,
+    0xb3, 0x6f, 0x7f, 0x00, 0x5d, 0x59, 0x88, 0xc3,
+};
+
+static unsigned char some_data[] = {
+    0x2f, 0x2a, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x20, 0x54, 0x68,
+    0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x66, 0x69, 0x6c, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x69, 0x73, 0x20, 0x66, 0x72, 0x65, 0x65, 0x20,
+    0x73, 0x6f, 0x66, 0x74, 0x77, 0x61, 0x72, 0x65,
+    0x3b, 0x20, 0x79, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x20, 0x63, 0x61,
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+    0x55, 0x53, 0x41, 0x2e, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x2a, 0x2f,
+    0x0a,
+};
+
+static object_data some = {
+    some_bytes,
+    sizeof(some_bytes),
+    "fd8430bc864cfcd5f10e5590f8a447e01b942bfe",
+    "blob",
+    "test-objects/fd",
+    "test-objects/fd/8430bc864cfcd5f10e5590f8a447e01b942bfe",
+    some_data,
+    sizeof(some_data),
+};
+
+static int write_object_data(char *file, void *data, size_t len)
+{
+    git_file fd;
+    int ret;
+
+    if ((fd = gitfo_creat(file, 0664)) < 0)
+        return -1;
+    ret = gitfo_write(fd, data, len);
+    gitfo_close(fd);
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static int write_object_files(object_data *d)
+{
+    if (mkdir(odb_dir, 0755) < 0) {
+        if (errno == EEXIST) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "odb directory \"%s\" already exists!\n", odb_dir);
+            return -1;
+        }
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't make odb directory \"%s\"\n", odb_dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if ((mkdir(d->dir, 0755) < 0) && (errno != EEXIST)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't make object directory \"%s\"\n", d->dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if (write_object_data(d->file, d->bytes, d->blen) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't write object file \"%s\"\n", d->file);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int remove_object_files(object_data *d)
+{
+    if (unlink(d->file) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't delete object file \"%s\"\n", d->file);
+        return -1;
+    }
+    if ((rmdir(d->dir) < 0) && (errno != ENOTEMPTY)) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't remove object directory \"%s\"\n", d->dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    if (rmdir(odb_dir) < 0) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "can't remove odb directory \"%s\"\n", odb_dir);
+        return -1;
+    }
+
+    return 0;
+}
+
+static int cmp_objects(git_obj *o, object_data *d)
+{
+    if (o->type != git_obj_string_to_type(d->type))
+        return -1;
+    if (o->len != d->dlen)
+        return -1;
+    if ((o->len > 0) && (memcmp(o->data, d->data, o->len) != 0))
+        return -1;
+    return 0;
+}
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_commit)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&commit));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, commit.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &commit));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&commit));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_tree)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&tree));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, tree.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &tree));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&tree));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_tag)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&tag));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, tag.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &tag));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&tag));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_zero)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&zero));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, zero.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &zero));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&zero));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_one)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&one));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, one.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &one));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&one));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_two)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&two));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, two.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &two));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&two));
+END_TEST
+
+BEGIN_TEST(read_loose_some)
+    git_odb *db;
+    git_oid id;
+    git_obj obj;
+
+    must_pass(write_object_files(&some));
+    must_pass(git_odb_open(&db, odb_dir));
+    must_pass(git_oid_mkstr(&id, some.id));
+
+    must_pass(git_odb__read_loose(&obj, db, &id));
+    must_pass(cmp_objects(&obj, &some));
+
+    git_obj_close(&obj);
+    git_odb_close(db);
+    must_pass(remove_object_files(&some));
+END_TEST
+